Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.

Alfred Nobel was a chemist and inventor. He invented dynamite and was also an arms manufacturer. His career brought him great wealth. At his death Albert Nobel bequeathed 31 million Swedish Kronor, a large part of his personal fortunes, to the establishment and ongoing role of the 'Nobel Foundation' institution.

Nobel Prizes are awarded, "to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind."

The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901, with separate prizes for benevolent achievements in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

For more information, see Related links below.

According the official Nobel Committee in Oslo:
"In addition to humanitarian efforts and peace movements, the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded for work in a wide range of fields including advocacy of human rights, mediation of international conflicts, and arms control."

Additional input from Contributors:

• Giving lofty speeches, narcissism, apologizing for America around the world, hoping that what one does actually improves peace.
• Being unable to see that this prize is a trap laid for those who cannot see past their pride, thinking that they are the greatest thing to happen to the world (since Fidel Castro obviously agrees...)

There are several different symbols that are recognized as peace signs world wide. The most popular is the circle with a line through the middle and two smaller branches emanating from the center to the edge of the circle about 35 degrees out from the line on either side. This was originally the symbol for nuclear disarmament and became a symbol for peace worldwide.

Another symbols for peace is the V made with a hand by folding in all fingers except the forefinger and the middle finger. This V stands for "Victory" in many places, but is also known as a symbol of peace because of the peace that was brought about in Europe and Asia at the end of World War 2.

In addition to these signs of peace, the Dove and the Olive Branch are also signs of peace which date back thousands of years to Biblical Times. There are other signs of peace such as flags and symbols as well, but these are the most prominent.
A white flag, an inverted Y with a 3rd leg inside a circle, a dove.

War and Peace Russian title (Война и мир, Voyna i mir) written by Leo Tolstoy First draft in 1863, was serialized in a litary magazine under the title 1803, Tolstoy apparently hated this version and rewrote the whole work completing it under the title War and Peace in 1869.

The original manuscript is said to have been edited in Russia in 1983, but the total amount of pages in the original work is uncertain.

The book was translated to English, French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Finnish and Korean. The version we know today apparently is quite different from the original version (1863), mainly due to it's apparent "happy ending." Tolstoy never actually intended to publish the book in it's entirity, and even calls the version we know today "loathsome."

The majority of the book is written in Russian with French in places. The inclusion of French was intended to relate that the nobels in Russia at the time spoke in the French language, but as the work goes on, the use of French diminishes, and this also serves to point to the resugance of Russia in the Napoleonic times.

The English translation of this work varies between 1,440 to a more managable 1,222 pages.

The following list was compiled by TeacherVision and Fact Monster (see Related Links), and updated with information from Pulitzer.org. One hundred (100)women have won Pulitzer Prizes for Letters, Drama and Music; 119 have won Pulitzer Prizes for Journalism, bringing the total to 219 as of the 2011 awards.

LETTERS, DRAMA AND MUSIC (100)

Women Pulitzer Prize Winners for Poetry (24)

1918 Sara Teasdale for Love Songs

1919 Margaret Widdemer for Old Road to Paradise

1923 Edna St. Vincent Millay for The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver\

1926 Amy Lowell for What's O'Clock

1927 Leonora Speyer for Fiddler's Farewell

1935 Audrey Wurdemann for Bright Ambush

1938 Marya Zaturenska for Cold Morning Sky

1950 Gwendolyn Brooks for Annie Allen

1952 Marianne Moore for Collected Poems

1956 Elizabeth Bishop for Poems - North & South

1961 Phyllis McGinley for Times Three: Selected Verse from Three Decades

1967 Anne Sexton for Live or Die

1973 Maxine Winokur Kumin for Up Country

1982 Sylvia Plath for The Collected Poems

1984 Mary Oliver for American Primitive

1985 Carolyn Kizer for Yin

1987 Rita Dove for Thomas and Beulah

1991 Mona Van Duyn for Near Changes

1993 Louise Gluck for The Wild Iris

1996 Jorie Graham for The Dream of the Unified Field

1997 Lisel Mueller for Alive Together: New Selected Poems

2006 Claudia Emerson for Late Wife

2007 Natasha Trethewey for Native Guard

2010 Rae Armantrout for Versed

2011 Kay Ryan for The Best of It: New and Selected Poems

Women Pulitzer Prize Winners for Fiction (30)

1921 Edith Wharton for The Age of Innocence

1923 Willa Cather for One of Ours

1924 Margaret Wilson for The Able McLaughlins

1925 Edna Ferber for So Big

1929 Julia Peterkin for Scarlet Sister

1931 Margaret Ayer Barnes for Years of Grace

1932 Pearl Buck for The Good Earth

1934 Caroline Miller for Lamb in His Bosom

1935 Josephine Winslow Johnson for Now in November

1937 Margaret Mitchell for Gone with the Wind

1939 Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings for The Yearling

1942 Ellen Glasgow for In This Our Life

1961 Harper Lee for To Kill a Mockingbird

1965 Shirley Ann Grau for The Keepers of the House

1966 Katherine Anne Porter for The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter

1970 Jean Stafford for Collected Stories

1973 Eudora Welty for The Optimist's Daughter

1983 Alice Walker for The Color Purple

1985 Alison Lurie for Foreign Affairs

1988 Toni Morrison for Beloved

1989 Anne Tyler for Breathing Lessons

1992 Jane Smiley for A Thousand Acres

1994 E. Annie Proulx for The Shipping News

1995 Carol Shields for The Stone Diaries

2000 Jhumpa Lahiri for Interpreter of Maladies

2005 Marilynne Robinson for Gilead

2006 Geraldine Brooks for March

2009 Elizabeth Strout for Olive Kitteridge

2011 Jennifer Egan for A Visit from the Goon Squad

Women Pulitzer Prize Winners for Drama (13)

1921 Zona Gale for Miss Lulu Bett

1931 Susan Glaspell for Alison's House

1935 Zoe Akins for The Old Maid

1945 Mary Chase for Harvey

1956 Frances Goodrich (with Albert Hackett) for The Diary of Anne Frank

1958 Ketti Frings for Look Homeward, Angel

1981 Beth Henley for Crimes of the Heart

1983 Marsha Norman for 'Night Mother

1989 Wendy Wasserstein for The Heidi Chronicles

1998 Paula Vogel for How I Learned to Drive

1999 Margaret Edson for Wit

2002 Suzan-Lori Parks for Topdog/Underdog

2009 Lynn Nottage for Ruined

Women Pulitzer Prize Winners for General Nonfiction (11)

1963 Barbara W. Tuchman for The Guns of August

1968 Will and Ariel Durant for Rousseau and Revolution

1972 Barbara W. Tuchman for Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-1945

1973 Frances FitzGerald for Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam

1974 Annie Dillard for Pilgrim at Tinker Creek

1983 Susan Sheehan for Is There No Place on Earth for Me?

1996 Tina Rosenberg for The Haunted Land: Facing Europe's Ghosts After Communism

2002 Diane McWhorter for Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution

2003 Samantha Power for "A Problem From Hell:" America and the Age of Genocide

2004 Anne Applebaum for Gulag: A History

2006 Caroline Elkins for Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya

Women Pulitzer Prize Winners for History (8)

1942 Margaret Leech for Reveille in Washington

1943 Esther Forbes for Paul Revere and the World He Lived In

1959 Leonard D. White, assisted by Jean Schneider for The Republican Era 1869-1901

1960 Margaret Leech for In the Days of McKinley

1963 Constance McLaughlin Green for Washington, Village and Capital, 1800-1878

1991 Laurel Thatcher Ulrich for A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary 1785-1812

1995 Doris Kearns Goodwin for No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II

2009 Annette Gordon-Reed for The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family

Women Pulitzer Prize Winners for Biography/Autobiography (10)

1917 Laura E. Richards and Maude Howe Elliott, assisted by Florence Howe Hall for Julia Ward Howe

1941 Ola E. Winslow for Jonathan Edwards

1946 Linnie Marsh Wolfe for Son of the Wilderness

1947 Margaret Clapp for Forgotten First Citizen: John Bigelow

1951 Margaret Louise Coit for John C. Calhoun: American Portrait

1958 Douglas Southall Freeman (Vols. 1-6) and John Alexander Carroll and Mary Wells (Vol. 7) for George Washington

1986 Elizabeth Frank for Louise Bogan: A Portrait

1995 Joan D. Hedrick for Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life

1998 Katharine Graham for Personal History

2000 Stacy Schiff for Vera (Mrs. Vladimir Nabokov)

Women Pulitzer Prize Winners for Music (4)

1983 Ellen T. Zwilich for Three Movements for Orchestra

1991 Shulamit Ran for Symphony

1999 Melinda Wagner for Concerto for Flute, Strings, and Percussion

2010 Jennifer Higdon for Violin Concerto

JOURNALISM (119)

Meritorious Public Service (4)

1918 New York Times; also special award to Minna Kewinson and Henry Beetle Hough

1991 Des Moines Register, reporting by Jane Schorer

2000 Washington Post, reporting by Katherine Boo

2011 Las Vegas Sun, reporting by Alexandra Berzon

Editorial (7)

1964 Hazel Brannon Smith (Lexington [Miss.] Advertiser)

1978 Meg Greenfield (Washington Post)

1988 Jane E. Healy (Orlando Sentinel)

1989 Lois Wille (Chicago Tribune)

1992 Maria Henson (Lexington [Ky.] Herald-Leader)

2003 Cornelia Grumman (Chicago Tribune)

2010 Tod Robberson, Colleen McCain Nelson and William McKenzie (The Dallas Morning News)

Correspondence (1)

1937 Anne O'Hare McCormick (New York Times)

Editorial Cartooning (2)

1992 Signe Wilkinson (Philadelphia Daily News)

2001 Ann Telnaes (Los Angeles Times Syndicate)

News Photography (14)

1954 Mrs. Walter M. Schau

1986 Spot news: Michel duCille and Carol Guzy (Miami Herald); features: Tom Gralish (Philadelphia Inquirer)

1995 Spot news: Carol Guzy (Washington Post); features: Associated Press Staff

1996 Spot news: Charles Porter IV, freelance photographer for Associated Press; features: Stephanie Walsh, freelance photographer for Newhouse News Service

1997 Spot news: Annie Wells (The Press Democrat [Santa Rosa, Calif.]); features: Alexander Zemlianichenko (Associated Press)

1998 Spot news: Martha Rial (The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette); features: Clarence Williams (The Los Angeles Times)

2000 Breaking news: photographic staff of Denver Rocky Mountain News; features: Carol Guzy, Michael Williamson, and Lucian Perkins (Washington Post)

2004 Breaking news: David Leeson and Cheryl Diaz Meyer (Dallas Morning News); features: Carolyn Cole (Los Angeles Times)

2005 Features: Deanne Fitzmaurice (San Fransisco Chronicle)

2007 Features: Renee C. Byer (Sacramento Bee)

2010 Breaking News: Mary Chind (Des Moines Register)

2011 Breaking News: Carol Guzy, Nikki Kahn and Ricky Carioti (The Washington Post)

2011 Features: Barbara Davidson (Los Angeles Times)

National Reporting (8)

1971 Lucinda Franks and Thomas Powers (United Press International)

1980 Bette Swenson Orsini and Charles Stafford (St. Petersburg Times)

1990 Ross Anderson, Bill Dietrich, Mary Ann Gwinn, and Eric Nalder (Seattle Times)

1991 Marjie Lundstrom and Rochelle Sharpe (Gannett News Service)

1994 Eileen Welsome (Albuquerque [N.M.] Tribune)

1996 Alix M. Freedman (Wall Street Journal)

2008 Jo Becker and Barton Gellman (The Washington Post)

International Reporting (7)

1951 Keyes Beech and Fred Sparks (Chicago Daily News); Homer Bigart and Marguerite Higgins (New York Herald Tribune)

1981 Shirley Christian (Miami Herald)

1984 Karen E. House (Wall Street Journal)

1986 Lewis M. Simons, Pete Carey, and Katherine Ellison (San Jose Mercury News)

1990 Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn (New York Times)

1991 Caryle Murphy (Washington Post)

2005 Kim Murphy (Los Angeles Times)

Reporting (3)

1955 Mrs. Caro Brown (Alice [Tex.] Daily Echo)

1959 Mary Lou Werner (Washington [D.C.] Evening Star)

1960 Miriam Ottenberg (Washington Evening Star)

General Local Reporting (3)

1977 Margo Huston (Milwaukee Journal)

2007 Debbie Cenziper (Miami Herald)

2010 Raquel Rutledge (Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel)

General News Reporting (1)

1986 Edna Buchanan (Miami Herald)

Special Local Reporting (4)

1972 Timothy Leland, Gerard N. O'Neill, Stephen A. Kurkjian, and Ann DeSantis (Boston Globe)

1980 Nils J. Bruzelius, Alexander B. Hawes, Jr., Stephen A. Kurkjian, Robert M. Porterfield, and Joan Vennochi (Boston Globe)

1983 Loretta Tofani (Washington Post)

1984 Kenneth Cooper, Joan FitzGerald, Jonathan Kaufman, Norman Lockman, Gary McMillan, Kirk Scharfenberg, and David Wessel (Boston Globe)

Investigative Reporting (14)

1985 Lucy Morgan, Jack Reed (St. Petersburg [Fla.] Times)

1988 Dean Baquet, William C. Gaines, and Ann Marie Lipinski (Chicago Tribune)

1991 Joseph T. Hallinan and Susan M. Headden (Indianapolis Star)

1992 Lorraine Adams and Dan Malone (Dallas Morning News)

1995 Stephanie Saul and Brian Donovan (Newsday)

1997 Eric Nalder, Deborah Nelson, and Alex Tizon (Seattle Times)

2000 Sang-Hun Choe, Charles J. Hanley, and Martha Mendoza (Associated Press)

2002 Sari Horwitz, Scott Higham, and Sarah Cohen (Washington Post)

2006 Susan Schmidt, James V. Grimaldi, and R. Jeffrey Smith (Washington Post)

2010 Barbara Lake and Wendy Ruderman (Philadelphia Daily News)

2010 Sheri Fink (ProPublica)

2011 Paige St. John (Sarasota Herald-Tribune)

Feature Writing (13)

1980 Madeleine Blais (Miami Herald)

1981 Teresa Carpenter (Village Voice, New York)

1983 Nan Robertson (New York Times)

1985 Alice Steinbach (Baltimore Sun)

1988 Jacqui Banaszynski (St. Paul Pioneer Press Dispatch)

1991 Sheryl James (St. Petersburg [Fla.] Times)

1994 Isabel Wilkerson (New York Times)

1997 Lisa Pollak (Baltimore Sun)

2003 Sonia Nazario (Los Angeles Times)

2005 Julia Keller (Chicago Tribune)

2007 Andrea Elliott (New York Times)

2009 Lane De Gregory (St. Petersburg Times)

2011 Amy Ellis Nutt (The Star-Ledger)

Commentary (11)

1975 Mary McGrory (Washington Star)

1980 Ellen H. Goodman (Boston Globe)

1992 Anna Quindlen (New York Times)

1993 Liz Balmaseda (Miami Herald)

1996 E. R. Shipp (New York Daily News)

1997 Eileen McNamara (Boston Globe)

1999 Maureen Dowd (New York Times)

2001 Dorothy Rabinowitz (Wall Street Journal)

2005 Connie Schultz (Plain Dealer)

2007 Cynthia Tucker (Atlanta Journal-Constitution)

2010 Kathleen Park (The Washington Post)

Criticism (8)

1970 Ada Louise Huxtable (New York Times)

1974 Emily Genauer (Newsday Syndicate)

1983 Manuela Hoelterhoff (Wall Street Journal)

1995 Margo Jefferson (New York Times)

1998 Michiko Kakutani (New York Times)

2001 Gail Caldwell (Boston Globe)

2006 Robin Givhan (Washington Post)

2010 Sarah Kaufman (The Washington Post)

Explanatory Journalism (9)

1989 David Hanners, William Snyder, and Karen Blessen (Dallas Morning News)

1991 Susan C. Faludi (Wall Street Journal)

1996 Laurie Garrett (Newsday [Long Island, N.Y.])

1997 Michael Vitez, Ron Cortes, and April Saul (Philadelphia Inquirer)

2008 Amy Harmon, (The New York Times)

2009 Bettina Boxall and Julie Cart (Los Angeles Times)

2011 Mark Johnson, Kathleen Gallagher, Gary Porter, Lou Saldivar and Alison Sherwood (Milwaukee Journal Sentinel)

Specialized Reporting (3)

1985 Randall Savage and Jackie Crosby (Macon [Ga.] Telegraph and News)

1986 Andrew Schneider and Mary Pat Flaherty (Pittsburgh Press)

1990 Tamar Stieber (Albuquerque (N.M.) Journal)

Beat Reporting (7)

1991 Natalie Angier (New York Times)

1992 Deborah Blum (Sacramento Bee)

1998 Linda Greenhouse (New York Times)

2002 Gretchen Morgenson (New York Times)

2003 Diana K. Sugg (Baltimore Sun)

2005 Amy Dockser Marcus (Wall Street Journal)

2006 Dana Priest (Washington Post)

1922 is the single most common date for Peace dollars. Current retail prices are in the $15 range, so expect to get about 2/3 of that from a dealer. You might be able to get more if you go the eBay route but you'd need to balance the extra $4 or $5 versus the time needed to post and sell.

One of those "We buy gold" places would probably pay no more than about $8 at current (10/2009) silver prices.