'The History of the Peloponnesian War'

The only battle fought in the First Persian War was the Battle of Marathon.

In the Second Persian War, Artemesion/Thermopylae (naval/land), Salamis (naval), Plataea (land), and Mycale (naval/land), were the major battles.

As he was 15 at the time, he was below the military age of 18.

They used superior naval tactics and destroyed the Persian navy, which threatened the Greek cities and also protected their supply line.

When sea supply was lost, the Persians had to send half their army home, which evened the land forces up.

The Greeks also operated on broken ground which negated the advantage of the superior Persian cavalry.

Their infantry had armour, which gave them the edge over the unarmoured Persian infantry.

When the Greek city-states within the Persian Empire in Asia Minor revolted in 499 BCE, mainland Greece cities Eretria and Athens sent military force to assist this Ionian Revolt. After the revolt was put down, Darius decided to punish these cities and sent an expedition. This was repelled at Marathon, so Darius decided that the only way to stop the mainland Greek city-states disturbing the peace in his empire was to bring them under control of a Persian governor. He began bribing the cities, and planned an invasion to bring the others under control, but died and the project was taken on by his successor Xerxes.

The only major battle of the First Persian was was the Battle of Marathon.

The Three Major Battles of the Second Persian War consisted of, first, Thermopylae. At Thermopylae, three hundred Spartans, and a token number of soldiers from other cities, most notably Thespians and Thebans, held a narrow mountain defile against the bulk of the Persian army for three days until they were betrayed by a fellow Greek and the Persians encircled them, and slaughtered them to the last man. This sacrificial holding action gave the Greek city-states time to muster their militia forces in strength.

Second, came the sea battle at Salamis. The Athenian fleet lured the Persian navy into a trap in the straits, limiting the maneuverability of the Persian's superior numbers. By destroying the Persian ships, the Greeks were eliminating the Persian supply system, forcing the bulk of the army into a retreat across Greece, while the Greeks harassed them, guerrilla style along the way, finally mustering a credible land force to defeat them at the Battle of Plataea, the third battle.

Coincidentally, on the same day as Plataea, Greek Marines finished off the rest of the Persian fleet who had beached their ships at Mycale. Once the remnants of the Persian forces retreated across the pontoon bridge that Xerxes built across the Dardanelles during his advance, the Greeks destroyed it, ending the Persian threat.

The contingents from the Greek city-states held the pass to force the Persians to try to turn the defence from the sea. The Greek navy was lying in wait as they wanted a sea battle to destroy the Persian fleet and so leave the Persian army without supply and support. Loss of the fleet would also mean that the amphibious threat to the Greek cities would be gone, and they could sen out their armies to join up and fight a land battle.

A sea battle went on for three days and the Greeks lost. As its mission was over, the land force holding the pass returned to their cities. The Spartan and Thespian contingents remained behind to cover their withdrawal and were all destroyed.

The Spartans:

- Continued their simple lifestyle of overseeing their territory, gymnastic and military exercises, enlivened by religious festivals, athletic games and other cultural activities.

- They did not farm as they had a subject population of serfs to do that, but had to keep watch to pre-empt uprisings.

- If ever they sent out a military expeditionary force, they each took seven serfs as light infantry, which coincidentally reduced the number of serfs left at home to reduce the risk of uprising while they were away.

- The adult males met regularly to vote on significant political policiesissues

-Boys were allotted supervisors to begin their military training.

- Women had freedon to participate in life and gymnastic exercises.

The Athenians:

- Had an empire to rule and parasite on when they converted the anti-Persian league cities into suppliers of money.

- They had the money, so they could afford to garrison some parts, established colonies for surplus population, manning a fleet of 100 ships to extort the payments from the cities, provide the extensive public service and juries (each jury 500 or more - thousands engaged each day).

- The men also had the religious festivals with plays and games, and acted the female parts in plays; the city-dwellers roamed gymnasiums, the markets and hung about gossiping in perfume shops after the gymn.

- Except for prostitutes and courtesans, women were treated as serfs - kept in virtual purdah - confined at home to work running household and farm, and excaping only for occasional womens' religious festivals.

- The rural population worked their farms and had a life of grinding poverty, barely able to sustain their families. Like the city dwellers, they were also liable to military service and regular training exercises.

- Old males predominated in the juries, collecting pay for the job and flocking to the courts to be selected for the day's work.

- All adult males were liable for military service and cold be called out for service at any time. They also were expected to attend the fortnightly assembly meetings to vote on political

- The entire male population benefited from the money of the empire, half of them in public service and the navy, all supported by the money collected, by force if necessary, from the cities of its empire.

Persia under the treaty Peace of Callias in 449 BCE agreed to stay out of the Greek cities in Asia Minor and the Islands. It left the Greek cities-states free to resume fighting amongst themselves, culminating in the Peloponnesian War 431-404 BCE, resulting in the devastation of the Greek world from Sicily to Asia Minor.

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As part of the ongoing war which went from 499 to 449 BCE, the Persians mounted a punitive expedition against Eretria and Athens for supporting the revolt of Greek city-states in Asia Minor. The expedition captured Eretria but was turned back at the battle of Marathon.

During the Ionian revolt in Asia Minor, the Greek mainland city-states of Eretria and Athens intervened, and in the process burnt down the Persian provincial capital of Sardis. After putting down the Ionians, Persian king Darius sent an amphibious expedition to take over the two cities and instal local tyrants to keep them under control and act as a warning to other Greek cities not to intervene withing the Persian Empire.

This 490 BCE expedition successfully took over Eretria, but failed to take Athens after losing the battle of Marathon. This led to a major invasion 10 years later.

Over a century after the Persian Wars Persia became a juicy target for Macedonia after it had established dominance over the Greek city-states. The Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander and divided up into Hellenistic Kingdoms by his successors, and these in turn were taken over by the Roman Empire.

1. Ionian Revolt

2. Persian punitive expedition against Eretria and Athens

3. Persian invasion of Greece (Xerxes invasion)

4. Delian League wars

Athens after the Persian War fortified the city and harbour long before Pericles came to a position of influence. The city was already protected.

Pericles later used this protection to further his ambitions to promote Athens at the expense of the other Greek city-states. This was based on a strong fleet and strong walls, so that it could defend its city, resupply itself if beseiged, and attack other cities with its navy.

Sparta and Athens were natural allies who provided support to each other - Sparta leading the Dorian bloc of independent city-states, Athens the Ionian bloc, with both interested in maintaining peace.

So when a Persian expedition was sent to subdue Athens in 490 BCE after its interference in the Ionian Revolt against Persia, Athens naturally asked Sparta for support (however Athens had defeated the Persians at Marathon by the time the Spartans arrived). When Persia sent a full scale invasion in 480 BCE, the southern Greek city-states united to repel it under the leadership of Sparta with Athens providing the largest naval component.

They remained friends and allies until 460 BCE, when Athens sent an army to help the Spartans put down a revolt of its serf population. During this campaign they fell out and avoided each other. After the Persians agreed to peace the Athenians turned the Delian League into an empire of its own, became over-adventurous and clashed openly with the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta, resulting in the 27-year Peloponnesian War which Athens lost.

They turned first to rebuilding the defensive walls of the city for security, and adding to them with extra walls linking the city to its post. They also re-established the gods at the centre of their religious life - the Persians had wrecked them in retaliation for an earlier Athenian destruction of Persian gods at Sardis when Athens was involved in a Greek raid on the Persian provincial capital.

The agora, being a market paddock, did not need rebuilding.

hey however put this its from study island and i don't see a time line but the answer is The alliance between Athens and Sparta ended shortly after the wars. PS i got it wrong just for you lazy person

The Greek hoplites used bronze-pointed spears, iron swords. Their light infantry used bows, javelins and rocks. Their cavalry used bows and javelins. The Persians used a variety of similar weapons. The warships used rams, javelins, bows and other assorted missiles.

Athens turned the Delian League it had led against Persia into an empire of its own and, in using it to try to dominated the other Greek city-states, came into conflict with the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta, resulting in the devastating 27-year Peloponnesian War.

Persia withdrew into its own boundaries and run a peaceful empire.

Greek cities could then safely get back to their usual occupation of fighting each other.

The Middle East is part of the continent of Asia, so - technically speaking - yes. Persians are very proud of their long and heroic past and of a highly developed culture that goes back to the times of Babylon and the ancient Greeks. In those terms they often feel more closely connected to the ancient Hellenistic culture than to the Arab culture. And of course they would never feel "Asian" in the 'Far East' sense of the word.

The second greco-persian war

The sea battle of Salamis defeated the Persian fleet which had to withdraw back to Asia Minor, leaving the Persian army unsupported and without its supply fleet, so half of the army had to go home. This left the reduced Persian army open to defeat at Plataia the following year and the invasion was defeated.