QBasic

END '...END of program/halt program code execution.

*NOTE*: There should be only 'one' END statement written inside of a QBASIC program. I have seen example code where they use multiple END statements; this is wrong!

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The purpose of using a 'test condition' inside of a loop statement/which is also called a 'conditional loop'; is to make the loop STOP counting.

Otherwise, you would have gone and created what is known as being called an 'endless loop'; which just keeps on running really quite endlessly, forevermore...!

To give a quick example, let's compare...

CONDITIONAL LOOP EXAMPLE

num% = 0

DO

num% = num% + 1

PRINT num%;

LOOP UNTIL num% = 3

END

Output...

1 2 3

Press any key to continue...

Here, when the LOOP's test condition is met: (num%=3); then, the loop stops counting up any further; the DO/LOOP block structure is broken out of; and, the final END statement will get executed.

UNCONDITIONAL LOOP EXAMPLE

Next, let's try re-writing the same above program; by removing the conditional statement part of the LOOP which says: (UNTIL num%=3)...

num% = 0

DO

num% = num% + 1

PRINT num%

LOOP

END

Output...

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ....

...because there is no conditional test statement to make the loop stop repeating itself; therefore, it just keeps on endlessly counting upwards, instead; the program never breaks out of the DO/LOOP block; and, therefore never gets to reach the final END statement.

To make an 'unconditional loop' stop repeating itself inside of QBASIC IDE/Integrated Development Environment; then, use combination key press: [CTRL] + [BREAK]; and, this should make an 'endless loop' stop repeating itself any further; and, return you straight back to the Editor Screen where you can futher change/edit your code.

You use the relevant formula.

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To create a horoscope finder in QBASIC, you'll need to start by defining the date ranges for each zodiac sign. Use INPUT statements to get the user's birth date and month. Then, implement a series of IF...ELSE statements to compare the input date against the defined ranges and determine the corresponding zodiac sign. Finally, display the result using the PRINT statement. Here's a simple structure:

INPUT "Enter your birth month (1-12): ", month
INPUT "Enter your birth day (1-31): ", day
IF (month = 3 AND day >= 21) OR (month = 4 AND day <= 19) THEN PRINT "Aries"
' Continue for other signs...

print (mainnumber) (subtract,division,adding,mutipliction) (number taken out,added)

example

code

print 5 + 5

compiled look

10

startNum% = 0

endNum% = 38

counter% = 1

PRINT "Counter", "Number"

PRINT

FOR num% = startNum% TO endNum% STEP 2

PRINT counter%, num%

counter% = counter% + 1

NEXT

*NOTE*: This prints out all of the even numbers starting from 0 up to 38; if you didn't wish 0 to be included as well; then, change it to say...

startNum% = 2

endNum%= 40

CLS

FOR eachNum%=1 TO 10 STEP 2

PRINT eachNum%

NEXT

There is a step by step tutorial at this forum,...

Ideas behind makeing a game

Sorry the links don't show highlighted,or clickable I guess thas cause I am new here. Now I know why, I added them just now to related links.

from Garry

QBASIC CODE/EXAMPLE 1: WITHOUT 'RANDOMIZE' statement:-

====

RANDOMIZE TIMER

CLS

FOR eachDiceThrow% = 1 TO 10

diceNo% = INT(RND * 6) + 1

PRINT diceNo%; " ";

NEXT

END

=====

...output...

5 3 6 3 1 3 6 1 1 6

...re-RUN/output...

6 2 6 5 1 4 1 5 6 5

As you can see from the above 2 code examples. When we don't use the RANDOMIZE statement; then, each time we run the program...the sequence of random numbers that gets produced...is always in the same 'fixed' order as went before.

But, when we do use the RANDOMIZE command statement; then, each time the sequence of random numbers being produced is entirely 'different'.

NOTE: The statement, RANDOMIZE TIMER, is used to 'seed' the QBASIC random number generator; by selecting a random number to start the sequence of numbers off with which is based on your current computer clock time.

EXAMPLE 1

The QBASIC program will, automatically, *capitalize* any reserved 'keyword' which it finds once you've already gone and typed in a line of code; and, then, at the end of that code line, do finally press the [RETURN/ENTER] key...to confirm what you've just gone and typed in.

A keyword might be say the PRINT command statement...so, if I were to type inside of the QBASIC editor the following line of code...

print 1+1

...then, the moment I press the [RETURN/ENTER] key when I get to the end of that line...the QBASIC interpreter program will, automatically, change the 'lower case' word: print...to become all UPPERCASE, instead; QBASIC Editor will display the previous line of code I typed in as being...

PRINT 1+1

...thus, I am able to tell immediately that PRINT is a special reserved 'keyword'/or, command statement which the QBASIC program, quite clearly, recognizes and understands.

This also helps me the programmer to know if I actually typed in that 'keyword' either correctly/or, incorrectly; if wrong...and, the program did NOT automatically capitalize it...; then, I know I must have either accidentally 'misspelled' the keyword/or, must otherwise have done something to go get it wrong...?!

EXAMPLE 2

If I were to type in to the QBASIC Editor program the following line of code using all 'lower case' letters...

x=10: if x=10 then print "ten" else print "NOT ten"

...and, then, when I've reached the end of that line of code, press [RETURN/ENTER] key to confirm my code entry; the QBASIC interpreter program will, automatically, respond by capitalizing any reseved 'keywords' that it finds; then, QBASIC Editor displays the line of code I typed in as being...

x=10 : IF x=10 THEN PRINT "ten" ELSE PRINT "NOT ten"

Looking at this newly capitalized line...it tells me that...

IF/THEN/ELSE/PRINT...are all QBASIC reserved 'keywords'.

NOTE: Whatever is a string a text that is written in between double quote marks: ("") will be totally unaffected by such capitalizing; instead, text strings will be printed out, quite literally, 'as is'.

FINAL NOTE

There are far too many QBASIC 'keywords' for me to go and list here; possibly, a couple hundred...!

QBASIC has many 'keywords' that it uses; if you wish to see what ALL of these keywords are; then, from inside of the QBASIC Editor program itself...do a combination key press of: [SHIFT] + [F1]...and, there you will see the Help file...that shows each 'keyword' you can use to write QBASIC programs with; as well as, offering a clear explanation/it shows 'example codes' demonstrating exactly how each of these 'keywords' should be used; just do 'copy & paste'/then, RUN the program to follow these examples along.

A loosely coupled system offers advantages such as increased flexibility and scalability, allowing components to be modified or replaced independently without affecting the entire system. This modularity can enhance resilience, as the failure of one component is less likely to disrupt others. However, disadvantages include potential performance overhead due to the need for communication between loosely connected components, and the complexity of managing interactions and dependencies, which can lead to challenges in system integration and consistency.

Variables don't have inputs. A variable is a named memory location where a value may be read or written. You write a variable by assigning a value to it. The value may be obtained from user-input.

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The advantage of qbasic is that it is easy to learn, to start out,then one can move on to more complex, or advanced languages.

DataBase Management System (DBMS)
is a software package
# it allows data to be effectively stored, retrieved and manipulated
and # the data stored in a DBMS packege can be accessed by multiple users and by multiple application programs like (SQL Server, Oracle, Ms-Access) .
Types of DBMS
# Hierarachical DBMS (HDBMS)
# Network DBMS (NDBMS)
# Relational DBMS (RDBMS)
# Object Oriented DataBase(OODB)
# Distributed DBMS (DDBMS)