Scientists

A scientist typically spends their days conducting research, analyzing data, writing reports, and collaborating with other researchers. They may also teach at universities, secure funding for their projects, and present their findings at conferences. The life of a scientist is often driven by curiosity, innovation, and a passion for discovery.

Classification helps organize species into more easily recognizable patterns, and these patterns illustrate the evolutionary history of each species. The classification pattern pretty clearly reveals a nested hierarchy of forms, into which even fossil specimens can be placed. A nested hierarchy is what we would expect if most or all species shared common ancestry or, in other words, had undergone evolution.

Scientists determine the age of a glacier by studying layers of ice cores extracted from the glacier. By analyzing factors such as ice composition, particle concentration, and isotopic composition, scientists can estimate the age of the ice layers. Additionally, dating techniques like carbon dating and radionuclide dating can provide further insights into the age of the glacier.

Scientists use microscopes to magnify very small objects to observe tiny features that the naked eye cannot see. Microscopes are better than magnifying glasses for many uses because they are more stable (no jiggling) and can be built with greater magnifying power so smaller structures can be seen and studied.

Scientists like Robert Hooke, who first observed cells in 1665, and Theodor Schwann, who proposed the cell theory in 1839, have significantly contributed to our understanding of cells. Additionally, modern scientists like James Watson and Francis Crick, who discovered the structure of DNA, and Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, who developed the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, have made groundbreaking contributions to cell biology.

The Scientific Method is a systematic procedure for solving problems and exploring natural phenomena:

1.Observations (data)

are the foundation of the scientific method

data can be qualitative or quantitative.

data is most useful when collected under controlled conditions (experiments)

experiments must be repeatable and reproducible.

2. Natural laws

compactly summarize patterns in a large amount of data

often apply only under special conditions

are descriptions of nature, not facts or explanations.

3. Hypotheses

tentative explanations designed to guide experimentation

a useful hypothesis must be testable

must be rejected or corrected when they conflict with experiment.

4.Theories

a well-tested explanation for experimental data based on a set of hypotheses.must be discarded or refined when they can't explain new experimental results

scientific theories have three aspects: philosophical, mathematical, and empirical.

Understand all three, or risk misusing the theory!

a good theory...

explains currently available data

is as simple as possible (but no simpler!)

accurately predicts results of future experiments

suggests new lines of work and new ways to think

clearly shows underlying connections.

Biologists typically refer to living things as organisms. Organisms are individual living entities that can carry out the basic functions required for life, such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

Filipino biologist Dr. Geminiano T. de Ocampo specialized in marine biology, particularly in the study of local fish species. Dr. Nina Ingle is known for her research on Philippine bats and their conservation. Foreign biologist Jane Goodall is renowned for her groundbreaking studies on wild chimpanzees, revolutionizing our understanding of primate behavior. Dr. Jane Lubchenco, an American marine biologist, made significant contributions to marine ecology and environmental conservation.

Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics for his work with pea plants, establishing the basic principles of heredity. Rosalind Franklin played a crucial role in discovering the structure of DNA through her X-ray diffraction images.

The three scientists credited with developing the Cell Theory are Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow. Schleiden and Schwann proposed that all living organisms are composed of cells, while Virchow later suggested that cells arise from pre-existing cells through division.

The microscope played a crucial role in helping scientists develop the cell theory. It allowed them to observe and study cells, leading to the discovery of their structure, function, and characteristics. This laid the foundation for the cell theory.

A geographer or geoscientist is the type of scientist who makes maps of the Earth. They study the Earth's surface and its features to create accurate representations of locations, landscapes, and environments.

Scientists who work with plants are called botanists or plant biologists. They study plant biology, ecology, and genetics to better understand plant structure, function, and relationships with the environment.

Scientists use the System Internationale - the international system of units. This is a metric system. Most countries have switched to the metric system for everyday ie in shops and in the kitchen.

Charles Darwin is the scientist who is credited with developing the theory of natural selection, which is a key mechanism of evolution. Darwin's work laid the foundation for our understanding of how species evolve over time in response to environmental pressures.

Some of the scientists around the same time as Robert Hooke included Isaac Newton, Galileo Galilei, and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. They were all prominent figures in the fields of physics, astronomy, and microscopy during the 17th century.

Ellis Paul - "Does Galileo Pray?"

Indigo Girls - "Galileo"

Yes, Sir Alexander Fleming had one child named Robert.

Scientists study ocean currents to understand how heat, nutrients, and gases are distributed in the ocean, which has implications for weather patterns, ecosystems, and climate change. By understanding ocean currents, scientists can also better predict how pollutants and debris travel in the oceans and assess the impact on marine life.

Geology is the field of science that studies the processes that change Earth's composition, including the formation of rocks, minerals, and landforms through processes like erosion, weathering, and volcanic activity. Geochemistry is also a subfield that focuses on understanding the chemical composition and reactions within Earth's geosphere.

Before Gregor Mendel, scientists believed in the theory of blending inheritance, which posited that offspring inherited a blend of traits from their parents. This theory lacked an explanation for how traits were passed on unchanged across generations. Mendel's work with pea plants provided the foundation for the modern understanding of genetics by introducing the concept of discrete hereditary units (genes) that are passed down in predictable patterns.

An ecologist studies ecosystems, which includes the interactions between organisms and their environment. They examine factors like species diversity, nutrient cycling, and energy flow within ecosystems to better understand how they function and respond to disturbances.

The effects of water on the Earth's surface would include a number of fields, including geography, geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, erosion control, climate, agriculture, municipal water supply and waste management, soil science, pollution, biology, and a number of others. Scientists involved in the study of the effects of water are generally referred to as Earth scientists, with a large number of subset scientific fields.

Robert Koch (1843-1910) was a German physician and microbiologist who showed that "the key to the identification of bacterial pathogens was the isolation of pure cultures."

What are Koch's postulates?

In the course of his studies of anthrax and tuberculosis, Robert Koch formulated rules of procedure for proving that a certain microorganism is the cause of a particular disease. These rules, known as Koch's postulates, are still used today:

1. It must be shown that the microorganism in question is always present in diseased hosts.

2. The microorganism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture (i.e., in a culture containing only that one species of microorganism).

3. Microorganisms obtained from the pure culture, when injected into a healthy, susceptible host, must produce the disease in that host.

4. Microorganisms must be isolated from the experimentally infected host, grown in pure culture, and compared with the microorganisms from the original culture.

Working in isolation, scientists in "Lorenzo's Oil" were able to make crucial breakthroughs in understanding and treating the rare disorder adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). By researching independently, they were able to develop a treatment that showed promise in slowing down the progression of the disease and providing hope for affected families.