Sickle-Cell Disease

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic diseases that causes red blood cells to be shaped like sickles while normal red blood cells are shaped more like a cylinder. Malaria works by going into the red blood cells until they burst. Because of the strange shape of the red blood cells in people who have sickle cell anemia, malaria can't enter in the cells that have the sickle trait, but it can enter in the others. This way, people with sickle cell wouldn't be as adversely effected then those without it.

The person is homozygous for the trait

people with sickle cell disease have no abnormal appearances. the abnormalities are found on the microscopic level when the blood cells are examined.

it is dangerous because it messes up your depth perception.

And it makes you feel invisible

Alcohol alters your brain so your not always in control.

Alcohol alters your ability to drive.

Alcohol causes liver damage and loss of brain cells.

A person can only inherit sickle-cell genes if some of their ancestors came from certain regions in Africa where the inhabitants carry sickle-cell genes.

A person with one sickle-cell gene has sickle-cell trait, a milder problem.

If both father and mother pass on sickle-cell genes, the child, with two genes, will have sickle-cell disease.

health social and economic implications of sickle cell diseases.

Having poikilocytes in your blood - which are irregular red blood cells

The sickle cell trait is that you dont have the whole thing you have half of it which is called the trait

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In the cold seasons the patient will suffer from joint pains, and in the high places like mountain they will suffer also from severe pain.

sickle cell orignates when a red blood cell is too large to fit in the blood vessel and the pressure that is against the it causes it to have a crescent shape

The pro of sickle cell hemoglobin is that if you have only one allele for sickle cell hemoglobin and the other allele is normal, then you are immune to malaria.

It is an example of Natural Selection, Modern Theories of Evolution.

Down syndrome is due to trisomy condition of chromosome 21. That is 2n+ 1 condition. leads to mental retardation, reduced IQ pwer etc

sickle cell trait is caused by two recessive alleles - meaning both partns must give resessive trait DNA o their child. - sickle cell anemia dose not have a benefit - or if it dose it is out waysd by the fact that people with sickle cell have very low blood oxygen as their blood cellsare dis-formed. however, if there is only one allele- ie they have A and b alleles for sickle cell. then they are more immune to malaria. a deadly parasite passed by misquotes in tropical countries.

The allele responsible for sickle-cell anemia can be found on the short arm of chromosome 11, more specifically 11p15.
The sickle-cell disease occurs when the sixth amino acid, glutamic acid, is replaced by valine to change its structure and function. Sickle-cell anemia is also known as E6V.
Valine is hydrophobic, causing the hemoglobin to collapse on itself occasionally. The genetic disorder is due to the mutation of a single nucleotide, from a GAG to GTG codon on the coding strand, which is transcribed from the template strand into a GUG codon.

To display symptoms it requires 2 copies. Someone with one copy would only be a carrier and not display any symptoms.

If one parent has sickle cell trait and the other parent has the normal type of hemoglobin, there is a 50% (1 in 2) chance with EACH pregnancy that the baby will be born with sickle cell trait.

You are born with this trait. If you had both copies, instead of one, you would have the disease. There is no way to get rid of it. Think about any children you have and be sure the person who will be the other parent doesn't carry the trait or have the disease.

Recessively, that means that both parents must be symptomless carriers then there is only a 1 in 4 chance that a given child will be born with the disease.

Note: symptomless carriers have the strong advantage of being much more likely to survive malaria than "normals". Sickle cell disease is inherited through a single pair of genes (one gene from each parent), on chromosome 11. They must receive the gene from both parents in order to actually get sickle cell disease. If they receive one gene for sickle cell disease from one parent but a normal gene from another, they have "sickle cell trait." The genes that involve sickle cell control the production of hemoglobin (a protein) in red blood cells. Abnormal hemoglobin from sickle cell disease causes red blood cells to grow incorrectly.

Persons with sickle cell trait are much more resistant to malaria (a common disease in Africa, where the gene originated) than persons having two normal genes. This makes the sickle cell gene very likely to persist in areas where malaria is endemic, like Africa.

Sickle cell anemia cause red blood cells to be shaped like sickles. malaria can't enter these cells which gives the person an immunity to malaria.

Sickle-shaped red blood cells can become tangled together due to their abnormal shape, which makes them rigid and less flexible compared to normal disc-shaped cells. When these sickle cells travel through small blood vessels, their pointed edges can interlock and form clumps, obstructing blood flow. This can lead to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues and cause pain and other complications associated with sickle cell disease. The tendency to form these tangles can be exacerbated by low oxygen levels, dehydration, or infection.

Because sickle cell diseases are characterized by the rapid loss of red blood cells

Now because improving in health care services, they have around normal life expectancy

15000 people with sickle cell in the UK i think