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Stem Cells
Stem cells are a biological cell that can turn into a specialized cell, and then divide to create more.
678 Questions
A disease resulting from abnormal proliferation of stem cells in bone marrow?
This cancer type is called myeloma.
Pluripotent cell can differentiate into almost any type of cell.
Where is a stem cell of an embryo are the instructions located for how to build the heart?
deoxyribonucleic acid
Why are embryonic stems cells especially useful in medical research?
If people research embryonic stem cells, we can further put them into use into medicine. Using the somatic cell nuclear transfer method, scientists can grow human organs and tissues and then implant them into a human being. Further research can shed light on new ways to circumvent the body rejecting the given tissue.
What cells are present in plant stems?
The function of the cell membrane is to allow waste material to exit the cell. The cell membrane forms a barrier between the inside of the cell and the outside, so that the chemical environments on both sides can be different. It regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell.
Cell WallThe function of the cell wall is to provide structural support and to control the amount of water entering the cell. The cell wall is a wall that allows the circulation and distribution of water, minerals, and other small nutrient molecules into and out of the cell. It gives rigid support from which stable structures like leaves and stems can be produced. It can also sense the presence of pathogenic microbes and control the development of tissues within the cell because of its storage site of regulatory molecules Golgi BodyThe Golgi body stores, packages, and distributes the lipids and proteins made in the endoplasmic reticulum. It puts proteins into packages, called vesicles. Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumThe function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is to synthesize and exports proteins and glycoproteins. LysosomesThe purpose of lysosomes are to digest things. They could be used to digest food or break down the cell when it dies. Lysosomes are The cell's garbage disposal system. They clean up while patrolling the cell. This organelle breaks down large molecules into many smaller molecules by using their special proteins. The smaller molecules can be used as building blocks for other large ones. Lysosomes also kill and digest invading organisms. CytoplasmThe function of the cytoplasm is to distribute oxygen and food (nutrients) to other parts of the cell and it supports all parts inside the cell. It has three main functions: storage, energy, and manufacturing. The cytoplasm contains nutrients that have been dissolved which help for the dissolving of waste products NucleolusThe nucleolus is where ribosomes are made. The nucleolus disappears during cell reproduction. This is because ribosomes are not needed when cells reproduce. VacuoleThe function of the vacuole is to store water, nutrients, and other substances that cannot be used right away. They tend to be larger in plant cells because plants are watered. When they are well watered, water collects in cell vacuoles producing rigidity in plants. Each plant cell has a large, single vacuole that stores compounds, helps in plant growth, and plays a significant structural role for the plant. RibosomesRibosomes are the protein builders or protein synthesizers of the cell.- #*
The amylosplast is an organelle in some plant cells that store starch.
Druse CrystalThe druse crystal, often found in plant vacuoles, is a granular type of crystal usually composed of calcium oxalate. The druse crystal is said to deter herbivory. Centrosome:The centrosome is an area in the cell where microtubules are produced. Microtubules carry out a variety of functions, ranging from transportation to structural support. During cell division, the centrosome divides, and both parts move to opposite sides of the cell. Raphide Crystal:The raphide crystal, usually composed of calcium oxalate, is a needle kind of crystal often found in plant vacuoles. It is thought to slow down herbivory. Golgi Vesicles:The Golgi vesicles carry the proteins and lipids to take them to other parts of the cell or to the outside of the cell.Hoped i helped
ADDITION-
The Stem-
It helps hold up the plant.But not only that,It can also carry the water and the minerals it got from the roots.The roots carry the water it absorbed from the ground,then the water goes up to the stem,then the water and minerals go to the leaves to make food for the plant.The process of the plant making food is called photosynthesis.
Why did doctors use embryonic stem cells?
Scientists use stem cells because they can generate healthy cells and replace disease ones. Plus they allow them to test and better understand disease and test new drugs for effectiveness.
Are adult stem cells totipotent cells?
What kind(s) of cells can develop from multipotent stem cells?
A. Only cells that are closely related to the original stem cell B. Only cells that are identical to the original stem cell C. Any cells of the human body or the placenta D. Any cells of the human body. but not cells of the placentaWhere have stem cells come from traditionally?
blastocysts (balls of unspecialised cells which become a baby)
What controls the way stem cells divide and differentiate?
Ultimately their genetics. However various genes get turned off at programmed times by methylation of the DNA while others get turned on at programmed times by demethylation of the DNA. The methylated/demethylated forms of the DNA are passed on to the stem cell's descendants so they "retain their programmed state" and thus their identity following differentiation. Some of this program control is influenced by the concentrations of various chemicals secreted by other cells in the vicinity of the stem cell or its descendants.
What part of a developing embryo are stem cells derived from?
Stem cells come from newly fertilized eggs.
What is a disadvantage of using a globe?
Hard to see 2 far away places at once.
What are the differences between embryo and adult stem cells?
Adult stem cells are harvested from newborn's cord blood or human bone marrow while embryo stem cells come from the inner cell mass of a human embryo. No fetus is killed to use the stem cells, but the embryo cannot function and must be destroyed without a inner cell mass.
Why we shouldn't use embryonic stem cells?
Many scientists and people say that embryonic stem cells have the potential to cure many diseases, such as cancer. On the contrary, many other people are discomforted by the idea of destroying human embyos for a scientific purpose. They argue that life begins at conception, and that no person has the right to kill any form of human life. Many people believe that only God gives life, and only God should take it.
To enable ES (embryonic stem) cells to grow outside of the embryo they have to be cultured in the presence of embryonic fibroblasts, which provide nutrients to keep
the ES cells in an undifferentiated state. In this state the cells can
grow indefinately. When these cells are removed from the fibroblasts (or
medium which has been conditioned by these cells) the ES cells
spontaneously differentiate into a range of cell types. In theory, ES
cells can form into any of the cells within the body. However, in practice
only a few pure cell types have been produced (e.g. neuronal and blood).
What is the adaptation of a stem cell?
Rhizomes are underground perennial stem eg Lily.
Tubers are swollen stems (terminal portions of underground rhizomes) found in potatoes. This is important for perennation (The ability of a plant to survive from year to year).
Corms are swollen underground stem base that has been modified into a mass of storage tissue.
Stolons are above ground stems often called runners. Important for vegetative reproduction; new plants are formed at the nodes eg Strawberries.
Stems can be adapted in succulents to store water.
Stems can also be parasitic and strangle other plants
What can stem cells do that other cells can not do?
Stem cells has the capability to regenerate and develop into any kind of tissue or organ, when supported with the external nutrients. So they are called as totipotent.
There are two kinds of stem cell
a)adult stem cells
b)embryonic stem cells.
There are various researches going on in this area .
How might stem cells be used to treat disease?
Stem cells are usually totipotent or pleuripotent cells. As such, they can undergo differentiation, according to the conditions provided, to give different types of cells. Basically, they have capability of producing specific tissues.
Scientists believe that stem cell therapy can very much effect the treatment of illnesses. Presently, bone marrow transplants, which are used to treat leukemia, are also a type of stem cell therapy.
Medical researchers are trying to make stem cell therapy able to cure diseases such as Parkinson's disease, cancer, spinal cord injuries, muscle damage, etc.
How do stem cells differentiate from other cells?
Stem cells are different from other cells in the body in several notable ways. They can divide and renew themselves many times, whereas other cells are more limited in their divisions. And when those stem cells divide, the new cells can become specialized if necessary. Stem cells have no assigned function in the body, but through the process of specialization, they can take on roles in any of the body's tissues. These type of cells can be derived from human embryos or from certain spots in the adult human body.
How can adult and embryonic stem cells cure diseases?
Nothing has been definitively cured yet, mainly due to the ban that a lot of governments (America's included until recently) had on using embryonic stem cells to do research. Now that the ban has been lifted, there are sure to be a LOT of cures heading our way. Scientists are hopeful that they will be able to cure diseases such as diabetes and Parkinson's, as well as help victims with spinal cord injuries. The future of stem cell research is going to be very exciting.
What are the three types of stem cells in adults?
The three types of stem cells in adults are hematopoietic stem cells (found in bone marrow and produce blood cells), mesenchymal stem cells (found in various tissues like bone marrow and fat, can differentiate into bone, cartilage, and fat cells), and neural stem cells (found in the brain and spinal cord, can differentiate into neurons and supporting cells).
How. An stem cells help the patient?
In stem cell transplants, stem cells replace cells damaged by chemotherapy or disease or serve as a way for the donor's immune system to fight some types of cancer and blood-related diseases, such as leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma and multiple myeloma.
Where are therapeutic stem cells obtained from?
A stem cell is a cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind(s) of cells and tissues. Like a blank microchip that can ultimately be programmed to perform any one of a number of specialized tasks, stem cells are undifferentiated, 'blank' cells that do not yet have a specific physiological function. When the proper conditions occur in the body or in the laboratory, stem cells begin to develop into specialized tissues and organs. Stem cells are also self-sustaining, replicating through cell division.
These unique characteristics are why stem cell research holds such great promise for the treatment of life-threatening and debilitating diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cancer, Parkinson's disease, and juvenile diabetes. Understanding what the genetic and biochemical signs are that trigger stem cell differentiation may allow researchers to one day program new cells to repair damaged tissues and organs, and to better understand disease processes. Here is a current list of the sources of stem cells:
- Embryonic stem cells - They are harvested from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst seven to ten days after fertilization.
- Fetal stem cells - These cells are taken from the germline tissues that will make up the gonads of aborted fetuses.
- Umbilical cord stem cells - Umbilical cord blood contains stem cells similar to those found in bone marrow.
- Placenta derived stem cells - Up to ten times as many stem cells can be harvested from a placenta as from cord blood.
- Adult stem cells - Many adult tissues contain stem cells that can be isolated. The goals of stem cell research include curing diseases, cloning, and gene-line engineering. Cloning is directed towards making duplicate animals or humans. Gene-line engineering is directed toward permanent change in disease resistance and aesthetic and functional enhancements.
What is a unique property of stem cells is that they?
Stem cells differ from other kinds of cells in the body. All stem cells-regardless of their source-have three general properties: they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods; they are unspecialized; and they can give rise to specialized cell types.
Stem cells are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods. Unlike muscle cells, blood cells, or nerve cells-which do not normally replicate themselves-stem cells may replicate many times, or proliferate. A starting population of stem cells that proliferates for many months in the laboratory can yield millions of cells. If the resulting cells continue to be unspecialized, like the parent stem cells, the cells are said to be capable of long-term self-renewal.
Scientists are trying to understand two fundamental properties of stem cells that relate to their long-term self-renewal:
- why can embryonic stem cells proliferate for a year or more in the laboratory without differentiating, but most non-embryonic stem cells cannot; and
- what are the factors in living organisms that normally regulate stem cell proliferation and self-renewal?
Discovering the answers to these questions may make it possible to understand how cell proliferation is regulated during normal embryonic development or during the abnormal cell divisionthat leads to cancer. Such information would also enable scientists to grow embryonic and non-embryonic stem cells more efficiently in the laboratory.
The specific factors and conditions that allow stem cells to remain unspecialized are of great interest to scientists. It has taken scientists many years of trial and error to learn to derive and maintain stem cells in the laboratory without them spontaneously differentiating into specific cell types. For example, it took two decades to learn how to grow human embryonic stem cells in the laboratory following the development of conditions for growing mouse stem cells. Therefore, understanding the signals in a mature organism that cause a stem cell population to proliferate and remain unspecialized until the cells are needed. Such information is critical for scientists to be able to grow large numbers of unspecialized stem cells in the laboratory for further experimentation.
Stem cells are unspecialized. One of the fundamental properties of a stem cell is that it does not have any tissue-specific structures that allow it to perform specialized functions. For example, a stem cell cannot work with its neighbors to pump blood through the body (like a heart muscle cell), and it cannot carry oxygen molecules through the bloodstream (like a red blood cell). However, unspecialized stem cells can give rise to specialized cells, including heart muscle cells, blood cells, or nerve cells.
Stem cells can give rise to specialized cells. When unspecialized stem cells give rise to specialized cells, the process is called differentiation. While differentiating, the cell usually goes through several stages, becoming more specialized at each step. Scientists are just beginning to understand the signals inside and outside cells that trigger each stem of the differentiation process. The internal signalsare controlled by a cell's genes, which are interspersed across long strands of DNA, and carry coded instructions for all cellular structures and functions. The external signals for cell differentiation include chemicals secreted by other cells, physical contact with neighboring cells, and certain molecules in the microenvironment. The interaction of signals during differentiation causes the cell's DNA to acquire epigeneticmarks that restrict DNA expression in the cell and can be passed on through cell division.
Many questions about stem cell differentiation remain. For example, are the internal and external signals for cell differentiation similar for all kinds of stem cells? Can specific sets of signals be identified that promote differentiation into specific cell types? Addressing these questions may lead scientists to find new ways to control stem cell differentiation in the laboratory, thereby growing cells or tissues that can be used for specific purposes such as cell-based therapies or drug screening.
Adult stem cells typically generate the cell types of the tissue in which they reside. For example, a blood-forming adult stem cell in the bone marrow normally gives rise to the many types of blood cells. It is generally accepted that a blood-forming cell in the bone marrow-which is called a hematopoietic stem cell-cannot give rise to the cells of a very different tissue, such as nerve cells in the brain. Experiments over the last several years have purported to show that stem cells from one tissue may give rise to cell types of a completely different tissue. This remains an area of great debate within the research community. This controversy demonstrates the challenges of studying adult stem cells and suggests that additional research using adult stem cells is necessary to understand their full potential as future therapies.
