Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics

Entropy is closely related to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, not the 1st law. The 1st law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted. Entropy, on the other hand, is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system, which increases over time according to the 2nd law of thermodynamics.

The ideal-gas law is PV=nRT. Since the moles of a substance can be found by the equation n=m/M where m = mass and M = molar mass, you can substitute this in to get: PV = mRT/M So you can rearrange this equation to read: M = mRT/PV

Unlike other forms of energy, thermal energy is not easy to convert into other forms efficiently. It tends to dissipate and be lost as heat during the conversion process, making it harder to harness its full potential for work without significant energy losses.

From a practical standpoint there are no machines that use energy with 100% efficiency because all movement generates some friction and hence heat and loss of efficiency. Even electrons moving through superconductors generate minute amounts of heat.

From a theoretical standpoint it's impossible to get 100% efficiency; all energy transformations increase entropy. Even if you could devise a machine with no friction, the process of converting energy from one form to another ALWAYS increases entropy. It's a result of the second law of thermodynamics.

No machine can perform with 100% thermodynamic efficiency. The process used by any machine, be it steam, electric, horse drawn, wind, or whatever, can be reduced to a simple description of heat moving from a higher temperature to a lower temperature. The Carnot cycle provides a means to calculate the maximum theoretical efficiency possible. In reality, this maximum efficiency is NEVER achieved due to heat losses, friction, etc. Note that according to the Carnot cycle, 100% efficiency is impossible. The energy input to the machine can NEVER be entirely converted to useful work. Some of the energy is ALWAYS lost as heat to the surroundings.

The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the Law of Energy Conservation.

Yes, most matter expands when heated because as temperature increases, the particles within the matter gain energy and move more vigorously, causing them to spread out and occupy more space. This expansion is due to the increase in kinetic energy of the particles, leading to an increase in the volume of the material.

Substances with high heat capacity, such as water and some metals like copper and aluminum, are known to hold heat well. Water has a high specific heat capacity due to hydrogen bonding, while metals have high thermal conductivity which allows them to effectively hold and transfer heat.

The first explicit statement of the first law of thermodynamics was apparently byRudolf Clausiusin 1850. With reference to cyclic thermodynamic processes he stated:

Clausius later restated the law also in another form, this time referring to the existence of a function of state of the system called the internal energy, and expressed it in terms of a differential equation for the increments of a thermodynamic process. In essence this equation states:

In 19th century, matter and energy have been complementary to each other and has fascinated Einstein for relativity theory that led him to make nuclear bomb which smashed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the important cities of Japan, in 1945. In history of human civilization this event was termed as second sun as it generated radiations equivalent to those of sun. Thus creation of heat can be defined as thermos means temperature and dynamics means motion to coin the word thermodynamics. There was a total devastation of life and matter at and around Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Similarly Chernobyl a Russian nuclear explosion in August 1986 destroyed the civilization. In year 1953, a smog accident at London killed thousands of people due to suffocation. An accident of release of a methyl isocyanides at Indian city Bhopal killed and affected thousands of the people. The above quoted incidents occurred due to the effects of the energy and inhalation of the poisonous gases. Living beings are highly vulnerable to extreme conditions because the origin of life has been emphasized as alignment and association of the nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), hydrogen (H2) gases and sulfur (S) together. Their combination form amino acids, proteins and others to compose life system. Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey, in year 1953, at the University of Chicago, conducted a historic experiment taking methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2) gases and water (H2O) molecules in closed systems. For this experiment the thermodynamics played key role for supplying required energy to the individual gas molecules for chemical bond formation on combining. A passage of continuous electric current through the system simulated lightning storms believed to be common on the early earth, after a week, Miller observed 10-15% of the carbon in the form of organic compounds. 2% of the carbon had formed some of the amino acids and proteins, an essential to cellular life. Juan Oro, in 1961, prepared amino acids from hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ammonia in an aqueous solution followed by nucleotide base like adenine. The adenine is of tremendous biological significance5 and is one of the four bases in RNA and DNA. It is also a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a major energy-releasing molecule in cells. These discoveries created a stir within the science community for solving a puzzle of origin of life within a few decades. The lighting storms are believed to be extremely common on primitive Earth which were not continuous as the Miller/Urey experiment portrayed. Again it reflects the mutual relationship among energy and matter. On September 28, 1969, a meteorite fell over Murchison, Australia while only 100 kilograms were recovered. An analysis of the meteorite found it rich with amino acids and over 90 amino acids were identified by researchers to date. Nineteen of these acids are found on Earth. The early Earth is believed to be similar to many of the asteroids and comets still roaming the galaxy. If amino acids are able to survive in outer space under extreme conditions then this infers presence of amino acids when the Earth was formed. New theories have recently been offered as alternative sites for the origin of life. An alignment and association of chemical gases conserve energy in the form of molecules, which sustain life, and Newton's observation about falling of apple from a tree to downward further emphasized a key position of energy. An evolution of civilization through various experimental realizations has proven a role of energy monitored by thermodynamic process. Similarly a human energy was utilized for construction of world famous and thousands years old Pyramid at Cairo, Egypt. The workers loaded heavy and bigger sized stones on wooden planks and did float on water of river Nile for transportation to the pyramid site. The energy has brought revolutionary changes in our civilization for example Chinese and Indian inks were prepared by burning the wood to convert it into the wooden coals which were converted into fine powder and mixed with mustard oils. Similarly Harrappa and Mohan Jodaro, a century old big buildings were constructed following lock and key concept based on the socket and cone joints of bones of elbow and knees of our body. At countryside for centuries grandmothers used to burn mustard oil with cotton wick through capillary action and collect its soot on neat and clean metallic surfaces especially on brass or iron and applied in eyes for adsorbing the secretion. During stone and metallic ages of our civilization, the stones were shaped up to the different designs to manifolds an impulse for hunting the prey. These forms conserve and liberate energy transforming from one form to another as burning of oil to soot. Egyptians understood thermodynamics in a better way, they knew pushing heavy wooden planks on water surface reduces frictional forces and minimum human energy was needed for transportations. The water potential was noticed centuries ago and dams were constructed at Mississippi and Niles to make water falls for rotating the turbine for energy to generate electricity and irrigational works. Paddling of cycle, letter typing machines, bull carts, churners for churning curd to whey, horse carts, swing machines, ships were operated manually. A best form of human energy conversion, the machine was run with human energy. In fact if we go deeper, the human energy harnessed from food is partly stored in muscles and was used for operating the machines. Similarly levers were developed which were very effective to economize the human energy for example the rollers were not pushed from back but were pulled forwards from front to minimize the human energy consumption. Thus these scientific developments were revolved around the energy conversion from one form to another and termed as thermodynamic by Joule Thompson, Carnot and Cannon Rumford in 18th countries. Since the thermodynamics has been an indispensable part of the human sciences and civilizations. Thus in ancient times the major cities were established at the banks of big rivers due to easier transportation and as sources of water for drinking, irrigation, cottage industries and transportation. In this context, river Nile in African countries is considered highly revered and is boon to Egypt, Sudan, Ghana, Ethiopia, Somalia and Nigeria etc. In India, rivers Ganga, Yamuna, Sarswati etc. were taken in very high esteem and Delhi at bank Yamuna, Alhabad at trivani or pragraj, kolkata at Humbly, Mumbai, Madras at coastal areas, are situated. So the energy science understood as thermodynamics is essential to understand the human aspect. During British India various dams for energy production were constructed like Tungbhadra dam at Krishna-Cavery, Rihand, Hirakund, Nagarjun Sagar at Krishna River, Cauvery, Periyar, Ramagundam, Bhakra Nangal, and Salal project at Chenab River. Theses were eco-friendly techniques with no pollution hazards, the replacement of these techniques causing hazards. The replacement of cycle, bull cart and horse carts by engine run motors are emitting tone and tones of the CO, CO2, NO2 (NO, NO2, NO3) and SOx (SO2, SO3), the polluting gases causing global warming. The blunder, which the machines are doing, is that stamina of the human being is deteriorated. Boon: Farther the liberation of calories from food is well known and lays down the foundation of the traditional thermodynamics and establish the q = DE + PDV relation, a first law of thermodynamics. The q is heat, the DE energy liberated from food, P pressure and DV volume change when food is digested in the food canal of the body. Putting no volume and pressure change, the q = DE exists which decides the intake of food. A concept of eating jugglery after lunch and dinner for intake of iron and other useful vitamins is centaury old tradition in Indian society. By practice our ancestors carried forward this tradition generation to generation. The families who used to stick to the concept that as you eat so you reap leads to have sound mind in sound body. The traditions of wearing of types of clothes are monitored by the thermodynamics and illuminate the human side of science. Newton's observation of falling of apple from tree to down towards earth was based on potential energy due to height and the matter energy-relation fascinated Einstein to make nuclear bomb. Weather forecasting in itself is big traditional thermodynamics, where moistures and pressure gradient are basic parameters. In villages people still guess in advance about the rainfall by watching the movement of ants and certain birds. The ants very accurately sense the change in humidity and start taking out their eggs from their underground nests. Similarly the tailor birds start making nests at heighted trees. Thus the villager's gues that increases in humidity forecasts rainfall in coming days. During heating the milk boils out of the heating bowl while water does not. This is due to a layer formation of the fat of the milk on the upper surface during heating because of its low density. The layer thickens during heating and acts as cover to push back the milk vapors and kinetic energy of the milk molecules get accumulated and a state comes when the layer can not bear with the internal energy DE and suddenly bursts out with large amount of the milk. But water heating simply breaks its hydrogen bonds. Origin: James Watt, a naughty boy, in year 1750 noticed an experimental relevance of thermodynamics with uplifting of the lid of a kettle being used for boiling the water for cooking. Watt coined the word horsepower as horses powered water pumps in mines. It laid down the foundation of the railway engines, and in 1799, Humphry Davy melted ice by rubbing two ice cubs together. Latter in year 1824, Sadi Carnot and Cannon Ford, observed generation of heat when iron screw was used to make hole in the wooden logs. It was supported by count Rumford for boring cannon experiment in 18th and early 19th century. The handle of a screw was rotated manually putting mechanical energy to work. Partly it evolved heat during process, later on the ideas of Watt, Carnot and Ford laid down the foundation of the first law of thermodynamics as q = DE+PDV. The q denotes the heat contents, the DE internal energy and the PDV the mechanical work done by or on the system. It successfully converts mechanical energy into the electrical. Benjamin Thompson in 1790's, for measuring the power of light coined the word candlepower for candlelight as standard. Similarly James Joule in 1840's gave the Joule as standard unit for energy measurement, which is still in use. There are other glaring discoveries where our ancestors of human race developed the fire by rubbing the dried wooden logs that generates fire by friction. These were the developing grounds for the thermodynamics. Description: Truly the thermodynamics assist to achieve a best equilibrium among the pressure, temperatures, mass and energy. It is made of two words, the thermo that means temperature and the dynamics the motion. Its real meaning could be understood by considering several states of the water which are useful in society. At low temperature the liquid water is solid and referred to as ice while at optimum temperature is liquid state and at above 1000C, the gaseous form (vapor). Practically the vapor is used to generate electricity by rotating the turbine at thermal power stations for steam engines. The windmills for centuries were the most traditional power in villages for pumping out the water from the deep grounds. The air pressure for centuries is being used as a big potential by farmers to separate out the food grains from the straw of the wheat crops etc. The watermills were emerged in 18th centuries as a source of a natural power to rotate the turbine attached directly to the axle fitted with the grinding stones to grind the wheat, maize, gram and other food grains into flour. Few example like at higher altitude the pressure is low hence cooking of vegetables takes longer time and more fuel was consumed. The training area of the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering (NIM) Utterkashi is at very high altitudes, I personally observed that the cooking of rice or any food item takes longer time. In year 1996, I had experienced when undergone a month mountaineering course. In general, the ladies used to wet or dip the solid grains of grams, soyabeans, peas etc, and spices in fresh and clean water prior cooking. This process was well known by our forefathers and they were aware about the significance of thermodynamics. It was noted to be the most useful and time saving device and enriching the food, with softening the food nutrients. It saves lot of biogas or fuels energy. The table 1 depicts that the wet food grains take comparatively less time in cooking. Burning the fuel gas for less time saves the fuel and energy both. The gas burning for longer time for dried food grains costs much and is not economic. Table 1. Comparative cooking times for food grains. Food grains Amounts, g Time in min for dried Time in min for wet Grams 100 30 15 Soybeans 100 35 19 Mahoor dal 100 25 13 Rajma 100 33 18 The calorie of the 1g mol of the butane is -687.982 K calorie mol-1, and of methane -191.800 K calorie mpl-1. Thus the total time 123-65 = 58 min are saved and also a lot of gas and the time in kitchen for cooking. Natural events: Burning the fuel gases for smaller times saves energy, time and the gas. So a wetting concept of dried grains must be popularized in interest of the health and economic reasons. Another phenomenon like rain is a best example of the thermodynamics where the water vapors from south to North India from the oceans of the Hind and Arabian oceans, and from bay of the Bengal get transported to the North to fill the deficiency of the water moistures. This process is spontaneous or the natural one and is closely associated with the thermodynamics. The gallons and gallons of the water are being transported to North India through an open sky. Thus the thermodynamics of this phenomenon is a synonymy of each other. Similarly an evaporation of water moisture from the leaves of the trees, herbs and shrubs do add some moisture to the amount of the already water vapor. This process of the thermodynamics highlights the contributions of the trees. Thus the society must encourage tree plantation at each level to maintain the equilibrium and ecosystems. The learners can understand the meaning and worth of non-equilibrium system. A pressure gradient causes the energy gradient, which is calculated with equation1. DG = -2.303RT log K (1) The DG is free energy, and the K is equilibrium constant where K= p2/p1, the p1 water vapor pressure at southern India and the p2 at the northern and at northern the vapor pressure is lower than that of the southern. Thus the pressure moves from south to the north. This can be equated with the kinetics of the reactions where the reactants are decomposed with time and the rate of the reaction can be determined. The state is reached where the systems is equilibrated with respect to the concentration of the reactants. Similarly the rate constant K is represented as p1 at southern Û p2 at northern, and K = P2/P1. Thus the DG is free energy, which is the work, doing capacity of the environment due to pressure or moisture gradients within the framework of thermodynamic systems. This clarifies a concept of the Gibbs free energy, for example if the P1 = 1.5 bar and P2 = 1.0 bar, the log K = 0.17609 and the amount of DG = -1005.221 Joule mol-1kelvin-1. This is the energy, which is being used to push up the water vapor to northern India. Thus the 1005.221 Joule mol-1kelvin-1 is being used till the P1 = P2, at this condition the K=1 and the log K=0, it leads to have the DG=0. This predicts the movements of the water vapors are stabilized and the condensation is started in the form of the clouds with transition of the phase. The clouds after some time fall in the form of the rains. For farmers the thermodynamics has special significance for the crops when high-pressure difference is there the storms occur that distribute the seeds of the herbal plants and other useful trees. There are 4 seasons and the seed germination is temperature sensitive thus the wheat, maize, guar gum, pulses, oil seeds etc. are sown at the optimum temperature with some moisture contents. A quality control of oils could be made with Survismeter. The intelligent farmers generally dip the seed of the crops overnight before sowing them in the soil. It enhances the moisture contents in the seed, which help in quick and healthy germination of the seedling. This makes a better understanding of the thermodynamic applications in farming having several benefits to the society. The plants show much growth in rainy seasons due to water in plenty. The artificial thermodynamic conditions are being generated for growing of the seeds and flowering so that fresh fruits can be had at any seasons. For example at Tamil Naidu the mango plants give fruits in all seasons, as it is coastal area where almost same temperature prevails. Human thermodynamics, the sweating is very useful phenomenon and is closely related to the human body, due to sweating several harmful toxins come out of the body. Thus the living in air condition (AC) environment is harmful to the body because the toxins get accumulated in the body and accumulation in excess causes disease. Similarly the other way round is also beneficial for example in winter seasons the people rub their hands to generate heat due to friction, and expose minimum surface of their body to the environments to prevent dissipation of body heat. Currently due to the advancements, the thermodynamics is being defaced or deformed at domestic levels for example most of the ladies cook the food and for the time being store in freezes to prevent it from spoiling. It protects the food for time being but heating the eatable again and again before use is not good and destroys the calorie value. This makes overheating that must be avoided as in general, the overheating thermally decompose and denature the food items. Some of the valuable vitamins and other chemicals get lost in the heating process as vitamin C and iodine get vaporized and no more amounts is left in the food. An overheating of the milk loses the vitamin C, similarly at kitchen the ladies use oil for cooking the food. They dip the processed or the knitted flour of the food items in the hot oil. The used oil after cooking the food is stored and reused for further cooking. Thus the oil after heating several times gets saturated whose intake in our body along with food is harmful. The farmers do irrigate the crops for water and softening the soil for the growth of the roots of the plants. Similarly the use of the mud made pots for cooling the water in summer is century old and in village is highly beneficial. This is natural cooler and do not cause any disease. Its use must be popularized, as there is a shortage of the electricity to run the electric coolers. The water potential is getting momentum to generate electricity through dams i.e. Bhakhra Nangal, Ranapratap sagar etc. The thermodynamics in addition is playing a glaring role in the vehicular traffic, at road, air and waterways. The too much friction between the road and the outer surface of the wheels do cause heat and wastage of the energy at roads and more fuel is used to cop up this effect. Air-cooling is most useful for dissipating the heat from oil engines during work. There are some demerits of the thermodynamics as global warming, air pollution. But the wonderful aspect of the thermodynamics is to generate the electricity due the to temperature difference in water with depth of the oceans. This is called as OTEC i.e. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion as at the 4 to 8 feet deep water the temperature is lower (about 10 to 150C) while at upper surface is very high (about 350C). This temperature difference develops the temperature gradients, thus a machine made up of metallic pipes of 1 to 2 feet inner diameter is made in a square shape. Inside the pipes, at their each corner a turbine is fitted and a volatile gas like ammonia or propane is filled inside the pipes. It with temperature gradient runs from the high temperature to the lower. The gas on the way strikes the turbines where the latter are rotated and mechanical energy is converted into the electrical energy with suitable electric circuits. The tactic of thermodynamics is applicable to human anger which is an adiabatic process. Thus the heat of the human is quickly dissipated, the anger of the person is cooled down and the person becomes normal. In 19th century, matter and energy have been complementary to each other and has fascinated Einstein for relativity theory that led him to make nuclear bomb which smashed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the important cities of Japan, in 1945. In history of human civilization this event was termed as second sun as it generated radiations equivalent to those of sun. Thus creation of heat can be defined as thermos means temperature and dynamics means motion to coin the word thermodynamics. There was a total devastation of life and matter at and around Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Similarly Chernobyl a Russian nuclear explosion in August 1986 destroyed the civilization. In year 1953, a smog accident at London killed thousands of people due to suffocation. An accident of release of a methyl isocyanides at Indian city Bhopal killed and affected thousands of the people. The above quoted incidents occurred due to the effects of the energy and inhalation of the poisonous gases. Living beings are highly vulnerable to extreme conditions because the origin of life has been emphasized as alignment and association of the nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), hydrogen (H2) gases and sulfur (S) together. Their combination form amino acids, proteins and others to compose life system. Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey, in year 1953, at the University of Chicago, conducted a historic experiment taking methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2) gases and water (H2O) molecules in closed systems. For this experiment the thermodynamics played key role for supplying required energy to the individual gas molecules for chemical bond formation on combining. A passage of continuous electric current through the system simulated lightning storms believed to be common on the early earth, after a week, Miller observed 10-15% of the carbon in the form of organic compounds. 2% of the carbon had formed some of the amino acids and proteins, an essential to cellular life. Juan Oro, in 1961, prepared amino acids from hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ammonia in an aqueous solution followed by nucleotide base like adenine. The adenine is of tremendous biological significance5 and is one of the four bases in RNA and DNA. It is also a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a major energy-releasing molecule in cells. These discoveries created a stir within the science community for solving a puzzle of origin of life within a few decades. The lighting storms are believed to be extremely common on primitive Earth which were not continuous as the Miller/Urey experiment portrayed. Again it reflects the mutual relationship among energy and matter. On September 28, 1969, a meteorite fell over Murchison, Australia while only 100 kilograms were recovered. An analysis of the meteorite found it rich with amino acids and over 90 amino acids were identified by researchers to date. Nineteen of these acids are found on Earth. The early Earth is believed to be similar to many of the asteroids and comets still roaming the galaxy. If amino acids are able to survive in outer space under extreme conditions then this infers presence of amino acids when the Earth was formed. New theories have recently been offered as alternative sites for the origin of life. An alignment and association of chemical gases conserve energy in the form of molecules, which sustain life, and Newton's observation about falling of apple from a tree to downward further emphasized a key position of energy. An evolution of civilization through various experimental realizations has proven a role of energy monitored by thermodynamic process. Similarly a human energy was utilized for construction of world famous and thousands years old Pyramid at Cairo, Egypt. The workers loaded heavy and bigger sized stones on wooden planks and did float on water of river Nile for transportation to the pyramid site. The energy has brought revolutionary changes in our civilization for example Chinese and Indian inks were prepared by burning the wood to convert it into the wooden coals which were converted into fine powder and mixed with mustard oils. Similarly Harrappa and Mohan Jodaro, a century old big buildings were constructed following lock and key concept based on the socket and cone joints of bones of elbow and knees of our body. At countryside for centuries grandmothers used to burn mustard oil with cotton wick through capillary action and collect its soot on neat and clean metallic surfaces especially on brass or iron and applied in eyes for adsorbing the secretion. During stone and metallic ages of our civilization, the stones were shaped up to the different designs to manifolds an impulse for hunting the prey. These forms conserve and liberate energy transforming from one form to another as burning of oil to soot. Egyptians understood thermodynamics in a better way, they knew pushing heavy wooden planks on water surface reduces frictional forces and minimum human energy was needed for transportations. The water potential was noticed centuries ago and dams were constructed at Mississippi and Niles to make water falls for rotating the turbine for energy to generate electricity and irrigational works. Paddling of cycle, letter typing machines, bull carts, churners for churning curd to whey, horse carts, swing machines, ships were operated manually. A best form of human energy conversion, the machine was run with human energy. In fact if we go deeper, the human energy harnessed from food is partly stored in muscles and was used for operating the machines. Similarly levers were developed which were very effective to economize the human energy for example the rollers were not pushed from back but were pulled forwards from front to minimize the human energy consumption. Thus these scientific developments were revolved around the energy conversion from one form to another and termed as thermodynamic by Joule Thompson, Carnot and Cannon Rumford in 18th countries. Since the thermodynamics has been an indispensable part of the human sciences and civilizations. Thus in ancient times the major cities were established at the banks of big rivers due to easier transportation and as sources of water for drinking, irrigation, cottage industries and transportation. In this context, river Nile in African countries is considered highly revered and is boon to Egypt, Sudan, Ghana, Ethiopia, Somalia and Nigeria etc. In India, rivers Ganga, Yamuna, Sarswati etc. were taken in very high esteem and Delhi at bank Yamuna, Alhabad at trivani or pragraj, kolkata at Humbly, Mumbai, Madras at coastal areas, are situated. So the energy science understood as thermodynamics is essential to understand the human aspect. During British India various dams for energy production were constructed like Tungbhadra dam at Krishna-Cavery, Rihand, Hirakund, Nagarjun Sagar at Krishna River, Cauvery, Periyar, Ramagundam, Bhakra Nangal, and Salal project at Chenab River. Theses were eco-friendly techniques with no pollution hazards, the replacement of these techniques causing hazards. The replacement of cycle, bull cart and horse carts by engine run motors are emitting tone and tones of the CO, CO2, NO2 (NO, NO2, NO3) and SOx (SO2, SO3), the polluting gases causing global warming. The blunder, which the machines are doing, is that stamina of the human being is deteriorated. Boon: Farther the liberation of calories from food is well known and lays down the foundation of the traditional thermodynamics and establish the q = DE + PDV relation, a first law of thermodynamics. The q is heat, the DE energy liberated from food, P pressure and DV volume change when food is digested in the food canal of the body. Putting no volume and pressure change, the q = DE exists which decides the intake of food. A concept of eating jugglery after lunch and dinner for intake of iron and other useful vitamins is centaury old tradition in Indian society. By practice our ancestors carried forward this tradition generation to generation. The families who used to stick to the concept that as you eat so you reap leads to have sound mind in sound body. The traditions of wearing of types of clothes are monitored by the thermodynamics and illuminate the human side of science. Newton's observation of falling of apple from tree to down towards earth was based on potential energy due to height and the matter energy-relation fascinated Einstein to make nuclear bomb. Weather forecasting in itself is big traditional thermodynamics, where moistures and pressure gradient are basic parameters. In villages people still guess in advance about the rainfall by watching the movement of ants and certain birds. The ants very accurately sense the change in humidity and start taking out their eggs from their underground nests. Similarly the tailor birds start making nests at heighted trees. Thus the villager's gues that increases in humidity forecasts rainfall in coming days. During heating the milk boils out of the heating bowl while water does not. This is due to a layer formation of the fat of the milk on the upper surface during heating because of its low density. The layer thickens during heating and acts as cover to push back the milk vapors and kinetic energy of the milk molecules get accumulated and a state comes when the layer can not bear with the internal energy DE and suddenly bursts out with large amount of the milk. But water heating simply breaks its hydrogen bonds. Origin: James Watt, a naughty boy, in year 1750 noticed an experimental relevance of thermodynamics with uplifting of the lid of a kettle being used for boiling the water for cooking. Watt coined the word horsepower as horses powered water pumps in mines. It laid down the foundation of the railway engines, and in 1799, Humphry Davy melted ice by rubbing two ice cubs together. Latter in year 1824, Sadi Carnot and Cannon Ford, observed generation of heat when iron screw was used to make hole in the wooden logs. It was supported by count Rumford for boring cannon experiment in 18th and early 19th century. The handle of a screw was rotated manually putting mechanical energy to work. Partly it evolved heat during process, later on the ideas of Watt, Carnot and Ford laid down the foundation of the first law of thermodynamics as q = DE+PDV. The q denotes the heat contents, the DE internal energy and the PDV the mechanical work done by or on the system. It successfully converts mechanical energy into the electrical. Benjamin Thompson in 1790's, for measuring the power of light coined the word candlepower for candlelight as standard. Similarly James Joule in 1840's gave the Joule as standard unit for energy measurement, which is still in use. There are other glaring discoveries where our ancestors of human race developed the fire by rubbing the dried wooden logs that generates fire by friction. These were the developing grounds for the thermodynamics. Description: Truly the thermodynamics assist to achieve a best equilibrium among the pressure, temperatures, mass and energy. It is made of two words, the thermo that means temperature and the dynamics the motion. Its real meaning could be understood by considering several states of the water which are useful in society. At low temperature the liquid water is solid and referred to as ice while at optimum temperature is liquid state and at above 1000C, the gaseous form (vapor). Practically the vapor is used to generate electricity by rotating the turbine at thermal power stations for steam engines. The windmills for centuries were the most traditional power in villages for pumping out the water from the deep grounds. The air pressure for centuries is being used as a big potential by farmers to separate out the food grains from the straw of the wheat crops etc. The watermills were emerged in 18th centuries as a source of a natural power to rotate the turbine attached directly to the axle fitted with the grinding stones to grind the wheat, maize, gram and other food grains into flour. Few example like at higher altitude the pressure is low hence cooking of vegetables takes longer time and more fuel was consumed. The training area of the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering (NIM) Utterkashi is at very high altitudes, I personally observed that the cooking of rice or any food item takes longer time. In year 1996, I had experienced when undergone a month mountaineering course. In general, the ladies used to wet or dip the solid grains of grams, soyabeans, peas etc, and spices in fresh and clean water prior cooking. This process was well known by our forefathers and they were aware about the significance of thermodynamics. It was noted to be the most useful and time saving device and enriching the food, with softening the food nutrients. It saves lot of biogas or fuels energy. The table 1 depicts that the wet food grains take comparatively less time in cooking. Burning the fuel gas for less time saves the fuel and energy both. The gas burning for longer time for dried food grains costs much and is not economic. Table 1. Comparative cooking times for food grains. Food grains Amounts, g Time in min for dried Time in min for wet Grams 100 30 15 Soybeans 100 35 19 Mahoor dal 100 25 13 Rajma 100 33 18 The calorie of the 1g mol of the butane is -687.982 K calorie mol-1, and of methane -191.800 K calorie mpl-1. Thus the total time 123-65 = 58 min are saved and also a lot of gas and the time in kitchen for cooking. Natural events: Burning the fuel gases for smaller times saves energy, time and the gas. So a wetting concept of dried grains must be popularized in interest of the health and economic reasons. Another phenomenon like rain is a best example of the thermodynamics where the water vapors from south to North India from the oceans of the Hind and Arabian oceans, and from bay of the Bengal get transported to the North to fill the deficiency of the water moistures. This process is spontaneous or the natural one and is closely associated with the thermodynamics. The gallons and gallons of the water are being transported to North India through an open sky. Thus the thermodynamics of this phenomenon is a synonymy of each other. Similarly an evaporation of water moisture from the leaves of the trees, herbs and shrubs do add some moisture to the amount of the already water vapor. This process of the thermodynamics highlights the contributions of the trees. Thus the society must encourage tree plantation at each level to maintain the equilibrium and ecosystems. The learners can understand the meaning and worth of non-equilibrium system. A pressure gradient causes the energy gradient, which is calculated with equation1. DG = -2.303RT log K (1) The DG is free energy, and the K is equilibrium constant where K= p2/p1, the p1 water vapor pressure at southern India and the p2 at the northern and at northern the vapor pressure is lower than that of the southern. Thus the pressure moves from south to the north. This can be equated with the kinetics of the reactions where the reactants are decomposed with time and the rate of the reaction can be determined. The state is reached where the systems is equilibrated with respect to the concentration of the reactants. Similarly the rate constant K is represented as p1 at southern Û p2 at northern, and K = P2/P1. Thus the DG is free energy, which is the work, doing capacity of the environment due to pressure or moisture gradients within the framework of thermodynamic systems. This clarifies a concept of the Gibbs free energy, for example if the P1 = 1.5 bar and P2 = 1.0 bar, the log K = 0.17609 and the amount of DG = -1005.221 Joule mol-1kelvin-1. This is the energy, which is being used to push up the water vapor to northern India. Thus the 1005.221 Joule mol-1kelvin-1 is being used till the P1 = P2, at this condition the K=1 and the log K=0, it leads to have the DG=0. This predicts the movements of the water vapors are stabilized and the condensation is started in the form of the clouds with transition of the phase. The clouds after some time fall in the form of the rains. For farmers the thermodynamics has special significance for the crops when high-pressure difference is there the storms occur that distribute the seeds of the herbal plants and other useful trees. There are 4 seasons and the seed germination is temperature sensitive thus the wheat, maize, guar gum, pulses, oil seeds etc. are sown at the optimum temperature with some moisture contents. A quality control of oils could be made with Survismeter. The intelligent farmers generally dip the seed of the crops overnight before sowing them in the soil. It enhances the moisture contents in the seed, which help in quick and healthy germination of the seedling. This makes a better understanding of the thermodynamic applications in farming having several benefits to the society. The plants show much growth in rainy seasons due to water in plenty. The artificial thermodynamic conditions are being generated for growing of the seeds and flowering so that fresh fruits can be had at any seasons. For example at Tamil Naidu the mango plants give fruits in all seasons, as it is coastal area where almost same temperature prevails. Human thermodynamics, the sweating is very useful phenomenon and is closely related to the human body, due to sweating several harmful toxins come out of the body. Thus the living in air condition (AC) environment is harmful to the body because the toxins get accumulated in the body and accumulation in excess causes disease. Similarly the other way round is also beneficial for example in winter seasons the people rub their hands to generate heat due to friction, and expose minimum surface of their body to the environments to prevent dissipation of body heat. Currently due to the advancements, the thermodynamics is being defaced or deformed at domestic levels for example most of the ladies cook the food and for the time being store in freezes to prevent it from spoiling. It protects the food for time being but heating the eatable again and again before use is not good and destroys the calorie value. This makes overheating that must be avoided as in general, the overheating thermally decompose and denature the food items. Some of the valuable vitamins and other chemicals get lost in the heating process as vitamin C and iodine get vaporized and no more amounts is left in the food. An overheating of the milk loses the vitamin C, similarly at kitchen the ladies use oil for cooking the food. They dip the processed or the knitted flour of the food items in the hot oil. The used oil after cooking the food is stored and reused for further cooking. Thus the oil after heating several times gets saturated whose intake in our body along with food is harmful. The farmers do irrigate the crops for water and softening the soil for the growth of the roots of the plants. Similarly the use of the mud made pots for cooling the water in summer is century old and in village is highly beneficial. This is natural cooler and do not cause any disease. Its use must be popularized, as there is a shortage of the electricity to run the electric coolers. The water potential is getting momentum to generate electricity through dams i.e. Bhakhra Nangal, Ranapratap sagar etc. The thermodynamics in addition is playing a glaring role in the vehicular traffic, at road, air and waterways. The too much friction between the road and the outer surface of the wheels do cause heat and wastage of the energy at roads and more fuel is used to cop up this effect. Air-cooling is most useful for dissipating the heat from oil engines during work. There are some demerits of the thermodynamics as global warming, air pollution. But the wonderful aspect of the thermodynamics is to generate the electricity due the to temperature difference in water with depth of the oceans. This is called as OTEC i.e. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion as at the 4 to 8 feet deep water the temperature is lower (about 10 to 150C) while at upper surface is very high (about 350C). This temperature difference develops the temperature gradients, thus a machine made up of metallic pipes of 1 to 2 feet inner diameter is made in a square shape. Inside the pipes, at their each corner a turbine is fitted and a volatile gas like ammonia or propane is filled inside the pipes. It with temperature gradient runs from the high temperature to the lower. The gas on the way strikes the turbines where the latter are rotated and mechanical energy is converted into the electrical energy with suitable electric circuits. The tactic of thermodynamics is applicable to human anger which is an adiabatic process. Thus the heat of the human is quickly dissipated, the anger of the person is cooled down and the person becomes normal. In 19th century, matter and energy have been complementary to each other and has fascinated Einstein for relativity theory that led him to make nuclear bomb which smashed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the important cities of Japan, in 1945. In history of human civilization this event was termed as second sun as it generated radiations equivalent to those of sun. Thus creation of heat can be defined as thermos means temperature and dynamics means motion to coin the word thermodynamics. There was a total devastation of life and matter at and around Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Similarly Chernobyl a Russian nuclear explosion in August 1986 destroyed the civilization. In year 1953, a smog accident at London killed thousands of people due to suffocation. An accident of release of a methyl isocyanides at Indian city Bhopal killed and affected thousands of the people. The above quoted incidents occurred due to the effects of the energy and inhalation of the poisonous gases. Living beings are highly vulnerable to extreme conditions because the origin of life has been emphasized as alignment and association of the nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), hydrogen (H2) gases and sulfur (S) together. Their combination form amino acids, proteins and others to compose life system. Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey, in year 1953, at the University of Chicago, conducted a historic experiment taking methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2) gases and water (H2O) molecules in closed systems. For this experiment the thermodynamics played key role for supplying required energy to the individual gas molecules for chemical bond formation on combining. A passage of continuous electric current through the system simulated lightning storms believed to be common on the early earth, after a week, Miller observed 10-15% of the carbon in the form of organic compounds. 2% of the carbon had formed some of the amino acids and proteins, an essential to cellular life. Juan Oro, in 1961, prepared amino acids from hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ammonia in an aqueous solution followed by nucleotide base like adenine. The adenine is of tremendous biological significance5 and is one of the four bases in RNA and DNA. It is also a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a major energy-releasing molecule in cells. These discoveries created a stir within the science community for solving a puzzle of origin of life within a few decades. The lighting storms are believed to be extremely common on primitive Earth which were not continuous as the Miller/Urey experiment portrayed. Again it reflects the mutual relationship among energy and matter. On September 28, 1969, a meteorite fell over Murchison, Australia while only 100 kilograms were recovered. An analysis of the meteorite found it rich with amino acids and over 90 amino acids were identified by researchers to date. Nineteen of these acids are found on Earth. The early Earth is believed to be similar to many of the asteroids and comets still roaming the galaxy. If amino acids are able to survive in outer space under extreme conditions then this infers presence of amino acids when the Earth was formed. New theories have recently been offered as alternative sites for the origin of life. An alignment and association of chemical gases conserve energy in the form of molecules, which sustain life, and Newton's observation about falling of apple from a tree to downward further emphasized a key position of energy. An evolution of civilization through various experimental realizations has proven a role of energy monitored by thermodynamic process. Similarly a human energy was utilized for construction of world famous and thousands years old Pyramid at Cairo, Egypt. The workers loaded heavy and bigger sized stones on wooden planks and did float on water of river Nile for transportation to the pyramid site. The energy has brought revolutionary changes in our civilization for example Chinese and Indian inks were prepared by burning the wood to convert it into the wooden coals which were converted into fine powder and mixed with mustard oils. Similarly Harrappa and Mohan Jodaro, a century old big buildings were constructed following lock and key concept based on the socket and cone joints of bones of elbow and knees of our body. At countryside for centuries grandmothers used to burn mustard oil with cotton wick through capillary action and collect its soot on neat and clean metallic surfaces especially on brass or iron and applied in eyes for adsorbing the secretion. During stone and metallic ages of our civilization, the stones were shaped up to the different designs to manifolds an impulse for hunting the prey. These forms conserve and liberate energy transforming from one form to another as burning of oil to soot. Egyptians understood thermodynamics in a better way, they knew pushing heavy wooden planks on water surface reduces frictional forces and minimum human energy was needed for transportations. The water potential was noticed centuries ago and dams were constructed at Mississippi and Niles to make water falls for rotating the turbine for energy to generate electricity and irrigational works. Paddling of cycle, letter typing machines, bull carts, churners for churning curd to whey, horse carts, swing machines, ships were operated manually. A best form of human energy conversion, the machine was run with human energy. In fact if we go deeper, the human energy harnessed from food is partly stored in muscles and was used for operating the machines. Similarly levers were developed which were very effective to economize the human energy for example the rollers were not pushed from back but were pulled forwards from front to minimize the human energy consumption. Thus these scientific developments were revolved around the energy conversion from one form to another and termed as thermodynamic by Joule Thompson, Carnot and Cannon Rumford in 18th countries. Since the thermodynamics has been an indispensable part of the human sciences and civilizations. Thus in ancient times the major cities were established at the banks of big rivers due to easier transportation and as sources of water for drinking, irrigation, cottage industries and transportation. In this context, river Nile in African countries is considered highly revered and is boon to Egypt, Sudan, Ghana, Ethiopia, Somalia and Nigeria etc. In India, rivers Ganga, Yamuna, Sarswati etc. were taken in very high esteem and Delhi at bank Yamuna, Alhabad at trivani or pragraj, kolkata at Humbly, Mumbai, Madras at coastal areas, are situated. So the energy science understood as thermodynamics is essential to understand the human aspect. During British India various dams for energy production were constructed like Tungbhadra dam at Krishna-Cavery, Rihand, Hirakund, Nagarjun Sagar at Krishna River, Cauvery, Periyar, Ramagundam, Bhakra Nangal, and Salal project at Chenab River. Theses were eco-friendly techniques with no pollution hazards, the replacement of these techniques causing hazards. The replacement of cycle, bull cart and horse carts by engine run motors are emitting tone and tones of the CO, CO2, NO2 (NO, NO2, NO3) and SOx (SO2, SO3), the polluting gases causing global warming. The blunder, which the machines are doing, is that stamina of the human being is deteriorated. Boon: Farther the liberation of calories from food is well known and lays down the foundation of the traditional thermodynamics and establish the q = DE + PDV relation, a first law of thermodynamics. The q is heat, the DE energy liberated from food, P pressure and DV volume change when food is digested in the food canal of the body. Putting no volume and pressure change, the q = DE exists which decides the intake of food. A concept of eating jugglery after lunch and dinner for intake of iron and other useful vitamins is centaury old tradition in Indian society. By practice our ancestors carried forward this tradition generation to generation. The families who used to stick to the concept that as you eat so you reap leads to have sound mind in sound body. The traditions of wearing of types of clothes are monitored by the thermodynamics and illuminate the human side of science. Newton's observation of falling of apple from tree to down towards earth was based on potential energy due to height and the matter energy-relation fascinated Einstein to make nuclear bomb. Weather forecasting in itself is big traditional thermodynamics, where moistures and pressure gradient are basic parameters. In villages people still guess in advance about the rainfall by watching the movement of ants and certain birds. The ants very accurately sense the change in humidity and start taking out their eggs from their underground nests. Similarly the tailor birds start making nests at heighted trees. Thus the villager's gues that increases in humidity forecasts rainfall in coming days. During heating the milk boils out of the heating bowl while water does not. This is due to a layer formation of the fat of the milk on the upper surface during heating because of its low density. The layer thickens during heating and acts as cover to push back the milk vapors and kinetic energy of the milk molecules get accumulated and a state comes when the layer can not bear with the internal energy DE and suddenly bursts out with large amount of the milk. But water heating simply breaks its hydrogen bonds. Origin: James Watt, a naughty boy, in year 1750 noticed an experimental relevance of thermodynamics with uplifting of the lid of a kettle being used for boiling the water for cooking. Watt coined the word horsepower as horses powered water pumps in mines. It laid down the foundation of the railway engines, and in 1799, Humphry Davy melted ice by rubbing two ice cubs together. Latter in year 1824, Sadi Carnot and Cannon Ford, observed generation of heat when iron screw was used to make hole in the wooden logs. It was supported by count Rumford for boring cannon experiment in 18th and early 19th century. The handle of a screw was rotated manually putting mechanical energy to work. Partly it evolved heat during process, later on the ideas of Watt, Carnot and Ford laid down the foundation of the first law of thermodynamics as q = DE+PDV. The q denotes the heat contents, the DE internal energy and the PDV the mechanical work done by or on the system. It successfully converts mechanical energy into the electrical. Benjamin Thompson in 1790's, for measuring the power of light coined the word candlepower for candlelight as standard. Similarly James Joule in 1840's gave the Joule as standard unit for energy measurement, which is still in use. There are other glaring discoveries where our ancestors of human race developed the fire by rubbing the dried wooden logs that generates fire by friction. These were the developing grounds for the thermodynamics. Description: Truly the thermodynamics assist to achieve a best equilibrium among the pressure, temperatures, mass and energy. It is made of two words, the thermo that means temperature and the dynamics the motion. Its real meaning could be understood by considering several states of the water which are useful in society. At low temperature the liquid water is solid and referred to as ice while at optimum temperature is liquid state and at above 1000C, the gaseous form (vapor). Practically the vapor is used to generate electricity by rotating the turbine at thermal power stations for steam engines. The windmills for centuries were the most traditional power in villages for pumping out the water from the deep grounds. The air pressure for centuries is being used as a big potential by farmers to separate out the food grains from the straw of the wheat crops etc. The watermills were emerged in 18th centuries as a source of a natural power to rotate the turbine attached directly to the axle fitted with the grinding stones to grind the wheat, maize, gram and other food grains into flour. Few example like at higher altitude the pressure is low hence cooking of vegetables takes longer time and more fuel was consumed. The training area of the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering (NIM) Utterkashi is at very high altitudes, I personally observed that the cooking of rice or any food item takes longer time. In year 1996, I had experienced when undergone a month mountaineering course. In general, the ladies used to wet or dip the solid grains of grams, soyabeans, peas etc, and spices in fresh and clean water prior cooking. This process was well known by our forefathers and they were aware about the significance of thermodynamics. It was noted to be the most useful and time saving device and enriching the food, with softening the food nutrients. It saves lot of biogas or fuels energy. The wet food grains take comparatively less time in cooking. Burning the fuel gas for less time saves the fuel and energy both. The gas burning for longer time for dried food grains costs much and is not economic. The calorie of the 1g mol of the butane is -687.982 K calorie mol-1, and of methane -191.800 K calorie mpl-1. Thus the total time 123-65 = 58 min are saved and also a lot of gas and the time in kitchen for cooking. Natural events: Burning the fuel gases for smaller times saves energy, time and the gas. So a wetting concept of dried grains must be popularized in interest of the health and economic reasons. Another phenomenon like rain is a best example of the thermodynamics where the water vapors from south to North India from the oceans of the Hind and Arabian oceans, and from bay of the Bengal get transported to the North to fill the deficiency of the water moistures. This process is spontaneous or the natural one and is closely associated with the thermodynamics. The gallons and gallons of the water are being transported to North India through an open sky. Thus the thermodynamics of this phenomenon is a synonymy of each other. Similarly an evaporation of water moisture from the leaves of the trees, herbs and shrubs do add some moisture to the amount of the already water vapor. This process of the thermodynamics highlights the contributions of the trees. Thus the society must encourage tree plantation at each level to maintain the equilibrium and ecosystems. The learners can understand the meaning and worth of non-equilibrium system. A pressure gradient causes the energy gradient, which is calculated with equation1. DG = -2.303RT log K (1) The DG is free energy, and the K is equilibrium constant where K= p2/p1, the p1 water vapor pressure at southern India and the p2 at the northern and at northern the vapor pressure is lower than that of the southern. Thus the pressure moves from south to the north. This can be equated with the kinetics of the reactions where the reactants are decomposed with time and the rate of the reaction can be determined. The state is reached where the systems is equilibrated with respect to the concentration of the reactants. Similarly the rate constant K is represented as p1 at southern Û p2 at northern, and K = P2/P1. Thus the DG is free energy, which is the work, doing capacity of the environment due to pressure or moisture gradients within the framework of thermodynamic systems. This clarifies a concept of the Gibbs free energy, for example if the P1 = 1.5 bar and P2 = 1.0 bar, the log K = 0.17609 and the amount of DG = -1005.221 Joule mol-1kelvin-1. This is the energy, which is being used to push up the water vapor to northern India. Thus the 1005.221 Joule mol-1kelvin-1 is being used till the P1 = P2, at this condition the K=1 and the log K=0, it leads to have the DG=0. This predicts the movements of the water vapors are stabilized and the condensation is started in the form of the clouds with transition of the phase. The clouds after some time fall in the form of the rains. For farmers the thermodynamics has special significance for the crops when high-pressure difference is there the storms occur that distribute the seeds of the herbal plants and other useful trees. There are 4 seasons and the seed germination is temperature sensitive thus the wheat, maize, guar gum, pulses, oil seeds etc. are sown at the optimum temperature with some moisture contents. A quality control of oils could be made with Survismeter. The intelligent farmers generally dip the seed of the crops overnight before sowing them in the soil. It enhances the moisture contents in the seed, which help in quick and healthy germination of the seedling. This makes a better understanding of the thermodynamic applications in farming having several benefits to the society. The plants show much growth in rainy seasons due to water in plenty. The artificial thermodynamic conditions are being generated for growing of the seeds and flowering so that fresh fruits can be had at any seasons. For example at Tamil Naidu the mango plants give fruits in all seasons, as it is coastal area where almost same temperature prevails. Human thermodynamics, the sweating is very useful phenomenon and is closely related to the human body, due to sweating several harmful toxins come out of the body. Thus the living in air condition (AC) environment is harmful to the body because the toxins get accumulated in the body and accumulation in excess causes disease. Similarly the other way round is also beneficial for example in winter seasons the people rub their hands to generate heat due to friction, and expose minimum surface of their body to the environments to prevent dissipation of body heat. Currently due to the advancements, the thermodynamics is being defaced or deformed at domestic levels for example most of the ladies cook the food and for the time being store in freezes to prevent it from spoiling. It protects the food for time being but heating the eatable again and again before use is not good and destroys the calorie value. This makes overheating that must be avoided as in general, the overheating thermally decompose and denature the food items. Some of the valuable vitamins and other chemicals get lost in the heating process as vitamin C and iodine get vaporized and no more amounts is left in the food. An overheating of the milk loses the vitamin C, similarly at kitchen the ladies use oil for cooking the food. They dip the processed or the knitted flour of the food items in the hot oil. The used oil after cooking the food is stored and reused for further cooking. Thus the oil after heating several times gets saturated whose intake in our body along with food is harmful. The farmers do irrigate the crops for water and softening the soil for the growth of the roots of the plants. Similarly the use of the mud made pots for cooling the water in summer is century old and in village is highly beneficial. This is natural cooler and do not cause any disease. Its use must be popularized, as there is a shortage of the electricity to run the electric coolers. The water potential is getting momentum to generate electricity through dams i.e. Bhakhra Nangal, Ranapratap sagar etc. The thermodynamics in addition is playing a glaring role in the vehicular traffic, at road, air and waterways. The too much friction between the road and the outer surface of the wheels do cause heat and wastage of the energy at roads and more fuel is used to cop up this effect. Air-cooling is most useful for dissipating the heat from oil engines during work. There are some demerits of the thermodynamics as global warming, air pollution. But the wonderful aspect of the thermodynamics is to generate the electricity due the to temperature difference in water with depth of the oceans. This is called as OTEC i.e. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion as at the 4 to 8 feet deep water the temperature is lower (about 10 to 150C) while at upper surface is very high (about 350C). This temperature difference develops the temperature gradients, thus a machine made up of metallic pipes of 1 to 2 feet inner diameter is made in a square shape. Inside the pipes, at their each corner a turbine is fitted and a volatile gas like ammonia or propane is filled inside the pipes. It with temperature gradient runs from the high temperature to the lower. The gas on the way strikes the turbines where the latter are rotated and mechanical energy is converted into the electrical energy with suitable electric circuits. The tactic of thermodynamics is applicable to human anger which is an adiabatic process. Thus the heat of the human is quickly dissipated, the anger of the person is cooled down and the person becomes normal. In 19th century, matter and energy have been complementary to each other and has fascinated Einstein for relativity theory that led him to make nuclear bomb which smashed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the important cities of Japan, in 1945. In history of human civilization this event was termed as second sun as it generated radiations equivalent to those of sun. Thus creation of heat can be defined as thermos means temperature and dynamics means motion to coin the word thermodynamics. There was a total devastation of life and matter at and around Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Similarly Chernobyl a Russian nuclear explosion in August 1986 destroyed the civilization. In year 1953, a smog accident at London killed thousands of people due to suffocation. An accident of release of a methyl isocyanides at Indian city Bhopal killed and affected thousands of the people. The above quoted incidents occurred due to the effects of the energy and inhalation of the poisonous gases. Living beings are highly vulnerable to extreme conditions because the origin of life has been emphasized as alignment and association of the nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), hydrogen (H2) gases and sulfur (S) together. Their combination form amino acids, proteins and others to compose life system. Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey, in year 1953, at the University of Chicago, conducted a historic experiment taking methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2) gases and water (H2O) molecules in closed systems. For this experiment the thermodynamics played key role for supplying required energy to the individual gas molecules for chemical bond formation on combining. A passage of continuous electric current through the system simulated lightning storms believed to be common on the early earth, after a week, Miller observed 10-15% of the carbon in the form of organic compounds. 2% of the carbon had formed some of the amino acids and proteins, an essential to cellular life. Juan Oro, in 1961, prepared amino acids from hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ammonia in an aqueous solution followed by nucleotide base like adenine. The adenine is of tremendous biological significance5 and is one of the four bases in RNA and DNA. It is also a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a major energy-releasing molecule in cells. These discoveries created a stir within the science community for solving a puzzle of origin of life within a few decades. The lighting storms are believed to be extremely common on primitive Earth which were not continuous as the Miller/Urey experiment portrayed. Again it reflects the mutual relationship among energy and matter. On September 28, 1969, a meteorite fell over Murchison, Australia while only 100 kilograms were recovered. An analysis of the meteorite found it rich with amino acids and over 90 amino acids were identified by researchers to date. Nineteen of these acids are found on Earth. The early Earth is believed to be similar to many of the asteroids and comets still roaming the galaxy. If amino acids are able to survive in outer space under extreme conditions then this infers presence of amino acids when the Earth was formed. New theories have recently been offered as alternative sites for the origin of life. An alignment and association of chemical gases conserve energy in the form of molecules, which sustain life, and Newton's observation about falling of apple from a tree to downward further emphasized a key position of energy. An evolution of civilization through various experimental realizations has proven a role of energy monitored by thermodynamic process. Similarly a human energy was utilized for construction of world famous and thousands years old Pyramid at Cairo, Egypt. The workers loaded heavy and bigger sized stones on wooden planks and did float on water of river Nile for transportation to the pyramid site. The energy has brought revolutionary changes in our civilization for example Chinese and Indian inks were prepared by burning the wood to convert it into the wooden coals which were converted into fine powder and mixed with mustard oils. Similarly Harrappa and Mohan Jodaro, a century old big buildings were constructed following lock and key concept based on the socket and cone joints of bones of elbow and knees of our body. At countryside for centuries grandmothers used to burn mustard oil with cotton wick through capillary action and collect its soot on neat and clean metallic surfaces especially on brass or iron and applied in eyes for adsorbing the secretion. During stone and metallic ages of our civilization, the stones were shaped up to the different designs to manifolds an impulse for hunting the prey. These forms conserve and liberate energy transforming from one form to another as burning of oil to soot. Egyptians understood thermodynamics in a better way, they knew pushing heavy wooden planks on water surface reduces frictional forces and minimum human energy was needed for transportations. The water potential was noticed centuries ago and dams were constructed at Mississippi and Niles to make water falls for rotating the turbine for energy to generate electricity and irrigational works. Paddling of cycle, letter typing machines, bull carts, churners for churning curd to whey, horse carts, swing machines, ships were operated manually. A best form of human energy conversion, the machine was run with human energy. In fact if we go deeper, the human energy harnessed from food is partly stored in muscles and was used for operating the machines. Similarly levers were developed which were very effective to economize the human energy for example the rollers were not pushed from back but were pulled forwards from front to minimize the human energy consumption. Thus these scientific developments were revolved around the energy conversion from one form to another and termed as thermodynamic by Joule Thompson, Carnot and Cannon Rumford in 18th countries. Since the thermodynamics has been an indispensable part of the human sciences and civilizations. Thus in ancient times the major cities were established at the banks of big rivers due to easier transportation and as sources of water for drinking, irrigation, cottage industries and transportation. In this context, river Nile in African countries is considered highly revered and is boon to Egypt, Sudan, Ghana, Ethiopia, Somalia and Nigeria etc. In India, rivers Ganga, Yamuna, Sarswati etc. were taken in very high esteem and Delhi at bank Yamuna, Alhabad at trivani or pragraj, kolkata at Humbly, Mumbai, Madras at coastal areas, are situated. So the energy science understood as thermodynamics is essential to understand the human aspect. During British India various dams for energy production were constructed like Tungbhadra dam at Krishna-Cavery, Rihand, Hirakund, Nagarjun Sagar at Krishna River, Cauvery, Periyar, Ramagundam, Bhakra Nangal, and Salal project at Chenab River. Theses were eco-friendly techniques with no pollution hazards, the replacement of these techniques causing hazards. The replacement of cycle, bull cart and horse carts by engine run motors are emitting tone and tones of the CO, CO2, NO2 (NO, NO2, NO3) and SOx (SO2, SO3), the polluting gases causing global warming. The blunder, which the machines are doing, is that stamina of the human being is deteriorated. Thermodynamics a boon: Farther the liberation of calories from food is well known and lays down the foundation of the traditional thermodynamics and establish the q = DE + PDV relation, a first law of thermodynamics. The q is heat, the DE energy liberated from food, P pressure and DV volume change when food is digested in the food canal of the body. Putting no volume and pressure change, the q = DE exists which decides the intake of food. A concept of eating jugglery after lunch and dinner for intake of iron and other useful vitamins is centaury old tradition in Indian society. By practice our ancestors carried forward this tradition generation to generation. The families who used to stick to the concept that as you eat so you reap leads to have sound mind in sound body. The traditions of wearing of types of clothes are monitored by the thermodynamics and illuminate the human side of science. Newton's observation of falling of apple from tree to down towards earth was based on potential energy due to height and the matter energy-relation fascinated Einstein to make nuclear bomb. Weather forecasting in itself is big traditional thermodynamics, where moistures and pressure gradient are basic parameters. In villages people still guess in advance about the rainfall by watching the movement of ants and certain birds. The ants very accurately sense the change in humidity and start taking out their eggs from their underground nests. Similarly the tailor birds start making nests at heighted trees. Thus the villager's gues that increases in humidity forecasts rainfall in coming days. During heating the milk boils out of the heating bowl while water does not. This is due to a layer formation of the fat of the milk on the upper surface during heating because of its low density. The layer thickens during heating and acts as cover to push back the milk vapors and kinetic energy of the milk molecules get accumulated and a state comes when the layer can not bear with the internal energy DE and suddenly bursts out with large amount of the milk. But water heating simply breaks its hydrogen bonds. Origin: James Watt, a naughty boy, in year 1750 noticed an experimental relevance of thermodynamics with uplifting of the lid of a kettle being used for boiling the water for cooking. Watt coined the word horsepower as horses powered water pumps in mines. It laid down the foundation of the railway engines, and in 1799, Humphry Davy melted ice by rubbing two ice cubs together. Latter in year 1824, Sadi Carnot and Cannon Ford, observed generation of heat when iron screw was used to make hole in the wooden logs. It was supported by count Rumford for boring cannon experiment in 18th and early 19th century. The handle of a screw was rotated manually putting mechanical energy to work. Partly it evolved heat during process, later on the ideas of Watt, Carnot and Ford laid down the foundation of the first law of thermodynamics as q = DE+PDV. The q denotes the heat contents, the DE internal energy and the PDV the mechanical work done by or on the system. It successfully converts mechanical energy into the electrical. Benjamin Thompson in 1790's, for measuring the power of light coined the word candlepower for candlelight as standard. Similarly James Joule in 1840's gave the Joule as standard unit for energy measurement, which is still in use. There are other glaring discoveries where our ancestors of human race developed the fire by rubbing the dried wooden logs that generates fire by friction. These were the developing grounds for the thermodynamics. Description: Truly the thermodynamics assist to achieve a best equilibrium among the pressure, temperatures, mass and energy. It is made of two words, the thermo that means temperature and the dynamics the motion. Its real meaning could be understood by considering several states of the water which are useful in society. At low temperature the liquid water is solid and referred to as ice while at optimum temperature is liquid state and at above 1000C, the gaseous form (vapor). Practically the vapor is used to generate electricity by rotating the turbine at thermal power stations for steam engines. The windmills for centuries were the most traditional power in villages for pumping out the water from the deep grounds. The air pressure for centuries is being used as a big potential by farmers to separate out the food grains from the straw of the wheat crops etc. The watermills were emerged in 18th centuries as a source of a natural power to rotate the turbine attached directly to the axle fitted with the grinding stones to grind the wheat, maize, gram and other food grains into flour. Few example like at higher altitude the pressure is low hence cooking of vegetables takes longer time and more fuel was consumed. The training area of the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering (NIM) Utterkashi is at very high altitudes, I personally observed that the cooking of rice or any food item takes longer time. In year 1996, I had experienced when undergone a month mountaineering course. In general, the ladies used to wet or dip the solid grains of grams, soyabeans, peas etc, and spices in fresh and clean water prior cooking. This process was well known by our forefathers and they were aware about the significance of thermodynamics. It was noted to be the most useful and time saving device and enriching the food, with softening the food nutrients. It saves lot of biogas or fuels energy. The table 1 depicts that the wet food grains take comparatively less time in cooking. Burning the fuel gas for less time saves the fuel and energy both. The gas burning for longer time for dried food grains costs much and is not economic. The calorie of the 1g mol of the butane is -687.982 K calorie mol-1, and of methane -191.800 K calorie mpl-1. Thus the total time 123-65 = 58 min are saved and also a lot of gas and the time in kitchen for cooking. Natural events: Burning the fuel gases for smaller times saves energy, time and the gas. So a wetting concept of dried grains must be popularized in interest of the health and economic reasons. Another phenomenon like rain is a best example of the thermodynamics where the water vapors from south to North India from the oceans of the Hind and Arabian oceans, and from bay of the Bengal get transported to the North to fill the deficiency of the water moistures. This process is spontaneous or the natural one and is closely associated with the thermodynamics. The gallons and gallons of the water are being transported to North India through an open sky. Thus the thermodynamics of this phenomenon is a synonymy of each other. Similarly an evaporation of water moisture from the leaves of the trees, herbs and shrubs do add some moisture to the amount of the already water vapor. This process of the thermodynamics highlights the contributions of the trees. Thus the society must encourage tree plantation at each level to maintain the equilibrium and ecosystems. The learners can understand the meaning and worth of non-equilibrium system. A pressure gradient causes the energy gradient, which is calculated with equation1. DG = -2.303RT log K (1) The DG is free energy, and the K is equilibrium constant where K= p2/p1, the p1 water vapor pressure at southern India and the p2 at the northern and at northern the vapor pressure is lower than that of the southern. Thus the pressure moves from south to the north. This can be equated with the kinetics of the reactions where the reactants are decomposed with time and the rate of the reaction can be determined. The state is reached where the systems is equilibrated with respect to the concentration of the reactants. Similarly the rate constant K is represented as p1 at southern Û p2 at northern, and K = P2/P1. Thus the DG is free energy, which is the work, doing capacity of the environment due to pressure or moisture gradients within the framework of thermodynamic systems. This clarifies a concept of the Gibbs free energy, for example if the P1 = 1.5 bar and P2 = 1.0 bar, the log K = 0.17609 and the amount of DG = -1005.221 Joule mol-1kelvin-1. This is the energy, which is being used to push up the water vapor to northern India. Thus the 1005.221 Joule mol-1kelvin-1 is being used till the P1 = P2, at this condition the K=1 and the log K=0, it leads to have the DG=0. This predicts the movements of the water vapors are stabilized and the condensation is started in the form of the clouds with transition of the phase. The clouds after some time fall in the form of the rains. For farmers the thermodynamics has special significance for the crops when high-pressure difference is there the storms occur that distribute the seeds of the herbal plants and other useful trees. There are 4 seasons and the seed germination is temperature sensitive thus the wheat, maize, guar gum, pulses, oil seeds etc. are sown at the optimum temperature with some moisture contents. A quality control of oils could be made with Survismeter. The intelligent farmers generally dip the seed of the crops overnight before sowing them in the soil. It enhances the moisture contents in the seed, which help in quick and healthy germination of the seedling. This makes a better understanding of the thermodynamic applications in farming having several benefits to the society. The plants show much growth in rainy seasons due to water in plenty. The artificial thermodynamic conditions are being generated for growing of the seeds and flowering so that fresh fruits can be had at any seasons. For example at Tamil Naidu the mango plants give fruits in all seasons, as it is coastal area where almost same temperature prevails. Human thermodynamics, the sweating is very useful phenomenon and is closely related to the human body, due to sweating several harmful toxins come out of the body. Thus the living in air condition (AC) environment is harmful to the body because the toxins get accumulated in the body and accumulation in excess causes disease. Similarly the other way round is also beneficial for example in winter seasons the people rub their hands to generate heat due to friction, and expose minimum surface of their body to the environments to prevent dissipation of body heat. Currently due to the advancements, the thermodynamics is being defaced or deformed at domestic levels for example most of the ladies cook the food and for the time being store in freezes to prevent it from spoiling. It protects the food for time being but heating the eatable again and again before use is not good and destroys the calorie value. This makes overheating that must be avoided as in general, the overheating thermally decompose and denature the food items. Some of the valuable vitamins and other chemicals get lost in the heating process as vitamin C and iodine get vaporized and no more amounts is left in the food. An overheating of the milk loses the vitamin C, similarly at kitchen the ladies use oil for cooking the food. They dip the processed or the knitted flour of the food items in the hot oil. The used oil after cooking the food is stored and reused for further cooking. Thus the oil after heating several times gets saturated whose intake in our body along with food is harmful. The farmers do irrigate the crops for water and softening the soil for the growth of the roots of the plants. Similarly the use of the mud made pots for cooling the water in summer is century old and in village is highly beneficial. This is natural cooler and do not cause any disease. Its use must be popularized, as there is a shortage of the electricity to run the electric coolers. The water potential is getting momentum to generate electricity through dams i.e. Bhakhra Nangal, Ranapratap sagar etc. The thermodynamics in addition is playing a glaring role in the vehicular traffic, at road, air and waterways. The too much friction between the road and the outer surface of the wheels do cause heat and wastage of the energy at roads and more fuel is used to cop up this effect. Air-cooling is most useful for dissipating the heat from oil engines during work. There are some demerits of the thermodynamics as global warming, air pollution. But the wonderful aspect of the thermodynamics is to generate the electricity due the to temperature difference in water with depth of the oceans. This is called as OTEC i.e. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion as at the 4 to 8 feet deep water the temperature is lower (about 10 to 150C) while at upper surface is very high (about 350C). This temperature difference develops the temperature gradients, thus a machine made up of metallic pipes of 1 to 2 feet inner diameter is made in a square shape. Inside the pipes, at their each corner a turbine is fitted and a volatile gas like ammonia or propane is filled inside the pipes. It with temperature gradient runs from the high temperature to the lower. The gas on the way strikes the turbines where the latter are rotated and mechanical energy is converted into the electrical energy with suitable electric circuits. The tactic of thermodynamics is applicable to human anger which is an adiabatic process. Thus the heat of the human is quickly dissipated, the anger of the person is cooled down and the person becomes normal.

Without the insulation, the solar collector panel would not be efficient enough to fulfill its design function. The insulation improves the efficiency of the solar panel by preventing excessive loss of the heat collected from the sun.

Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat, work, and energy. It focuses on how energy is transferred as heat and work in physical systems, and it helps explain the behavior of gases, liquids, and solids in terms of their thermal properties.

Potential energy. The water behind a dam has stored potential energy due to its position above the ground level. This potential energy can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy, when the water is released and flows downstream.

A gas can expand or contract depending on the volume of its container. Gases have no fixed shape or volume, and they fill the space available to them. When the volume of the container increases, the gas molecules spread out and the gas expands. Conversely, when the volume decreases, the gas molecules are compressed, causing the gas to contract.

First law of thermodynamics doesn't really address unscrambling eggs. The second law, however, suggests that it would take an outside expenditure of energy and release of heat to the environment to "unscramble" eggs. The eggs would not unscramble themselves naturally. Of course, in case you haven't noticed, eggs do not scramble themselves naturally. It requires an outside action to cause them to become scrambled too.

(1 - (287/295)) *100 = 2.711% efficiency.

273+14C = 287K

273+ 22C = 295K

On Earth, it's more like 25C surface and 10C deep, ish, depending on where you are. In absolute (Kelvin) temperatures, that's 298K and 283K

The Carnot efficiency (maximum possible efficiency) of this is

1 - 283 / 298 = 5%

I met a guy years ago who reckoned he could get 3% real efficiency from his OTEC design.

OTEC will always have extremely low efficiency. It relies for its success on the heat being free (it is) and on being able to shift vast amounts of ocean water around with minimal friction losses (that's a bit harder).

The fact that usable energy is always lost in an energy transfer is due to the second law of thermodynamics. This law states that entropy, or disorder, tends to increase over time in a closed system, leading to the loss of usable energy in the form of heat.

It takes 1 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. To do this accurately, you need the temperature of the water to determine its density, but for the sake of simplicity, we'll use its value at 4oC, which is 1 g/ml 373 ml is equal to 373g or 0.373kg. Therefore, for that volume of water it should take 0.373 kcal per degree C., so 0.373 x 30 = 11.19 kcal, or 11,190 cal

Nature is full of free energy: Life.

The question is: are we moral enough to handle this energy, if we were to get our hands on it and manipulate it.

People are searchng for free energy as if it were gold. Which is close to the truth, of course. But we have to ask ourselves how much we value the sacred gift of life, and if it's worth putting it to use for utility stuff.

Internal friction refers to the resistance to motion within a material or between parts of a material. It is the force that opposes the relative motion of elements in a solid or fluid due to interactions at the molecular level. Internal friction can affect the material's ability to deform and may result in energy dissipation as heat.

Heat refers to the transfer of energy between substances due to a temperature difference, while temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. In other words, heat can cause a change in temperature by transferring energy into or out of a substance.

Empirical scales are based on the measurement of physical parameters that express the property of interest to be measured trough some formal, most commonly a simple linear, functional relationship. For the measurement of temperature, the formal definition of thermal equilibrium in terms of the thermodynamic coordinate spaces of thermodynamic systems, expressed in the zeroth law of thermodynamics, provides the framework to measure temperature.

False. Enzymes do not affect the thermodynamics of a reaction. They only lower the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed, thereby increasing the rate of the reaction without changing the equilibrium constant or overall energetics of the reaction.