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Vaccinations

A vaccine is the preparation of dead microorganisms, living weakened microorganisms or inactivated toxins. Its administration induces the development of immunity and protection against a pathogen or toxin and is called a vaccination.

1,376 Questions

What vaccinations do you need to go to Honolulu?

go to this website http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/ate/travel/203583.html
It's not a bad idea. There are some places in the islands where you could pickup a little Hep-A, Dengue Fever, or a few other little problem children.

If you're the type to dive into a lake on top of Grenada, or eat at a roadside stand, or even use local ice in your drinks, I'd get myself up to date.

An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.
No
No

port of call vaccinations for Caribbean cruise

It depends on where you are traveling, but in general if you have the routine vaccinations (check to make sure your standard vaccinations are complete and up to date), Hep A & B and Typhoid, that should cover you for most of the Caribbean.

For more information see the related link or call your local health department.


Yellow fever vaccinations are needed if you are coming from or going to an area where yellow fever is present. Colombiaand Panama are countries where yellow fever is present. Going to or coming from Colombia or Panama requires a yellow fever vaccination. The vaccination is effective from 10 days after the inoculation to 10 years thereafter.

Please note that, contrary to World Health Organization guidelines, Egypt and Guyana consider Costa Rica as an area with the risk of yellow fever transmission. So if you're going to Egypt and Guyana from Costa Rica, you'll need to have proof of a yellow fever vaccination.

What virus do not have vaccines and why?

Polio,

Rubella,

Mumps,

Measles,

Human papillomavirus,

Diphtheria,

Pertussis,

Meningitis c.

How often do you need the meningococcal menactra shot?

You only need it once every 4 years if you're at high risk for getting it. 15-24 Year olds should get the Menactra vaccine.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the MMR vaccination?

Tetanus vaccine saves you from a very deadly disease called as tetanus. Only disadvantage is the vaccine is some what painful like most antibacterial vaccines. With repeated injections, you get rash on your body. This is due to hyperimmunoglobinemia.

Is the tuberculosis vaccine a live vaccine?

TB vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine (LAV). This type of vaccine prepared from living micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria currently available) that have been weakened under laboratory conditions.
LAV vaccines will replicate in a vaccinated individual and produce an immune response but usually cause a mild or no disease.

Does humana gold plus pay for zostavax vaccine?

My Mother-in-law just got off the phone with them. They said with Humana Gold PLUS. she would have to pay $6.50 towards it providing she had it done at a pharmacy. If she had it done at a doctors office their would be an additional fee for administering the shot.

How is a vaccine against a disease-causing virus produced using DNA technology?

Well all vaccines are made from weakened viruses so your body can defeat and remember them( T-Memory Cells). Small pox and polio vaccines are some of the most prominently and wide-spread, effectively elliminating the disease from much of America. However, it does still persist with occasional infections.

Does the child hep-b vaccination hurt?

No. it will only hurt if you think about it. honestly , all it is, is a pinch. I got mine yesterday. I was over exaderating. it is nothing compared to the flu shot or h1n1. you will be fine. just don't think about it. if you think about it too much, then yes it will hurt . but that's mentally. so just relax. when it's done, you'll be like "that was nothing". good luck!

What are the chances of getting that disease after getting the vaccination?

Possibly, but not as bad as if you were not vaccinated.

Vaccination is an injection of the disease you wish not to catch. This is done so your body will develop the needed, reactive antibodies to the disease in question. The injected form of the disease has been modified so that it is not as powerful and won't do as much damage as the one you are preventing, but reactions in people differ and reactions to this inoculations will include the symptoms of the disease.

The chances of a reaction depend on the person who is injected. When you get a cold does it hit you hard and you are down for awhile? That might be an indication of how your internal protection system works and you should prepare yourself for experiencing the symptoms of the vaccine.

How often do you need the pneumonia vaccine?

* 65 years and older - if this is your first immunization, you only receive it once. * 65 years and older - if you have received an initial immunization before you turned 65, get a booster shot after you turn 65. There should be five years between the initial shot and a booster. * 18-65 years - one immunization and then one booster after age 65, if five years have passed since the initial shot. From Sutter Health

What was the first vaccination that was developed?

Cowpox was used as a vaccine for smallpox in 1798.

The first vaccination was a traditional cure in Turkey whereas babies were exposed to animals turd, upon discovering the fact that these babies became immune to diseases scientists concluded the way to methodical vaccination.

It is against small pox and is discovered by E. Jenner in 1798.

Although first recorded cured attempts to induce immunity were performed by the Chinese and Turks in the fifteenth century.

Who should get the flu vaccination?

Persons at Increased Risk for Complications According to ACIP, vaccination is recommended for the following groups of persons who are at increased risk for complications from influenza:1 * persons aged ≥ 65 years; * residents of nursing homes and other chronic-care facilities that house persons of any age who have chronic medical conditions; * adults and children who have chronic disorders of the pulmonary or cardiovascular systems, including asthma; * adults and children who have required regular medical follow-up or hospitalization during the preceding year because of chronic metabolic diseases (including diabetes mellitus), renal dysfunction, hemoglobinopathies, or immunosuppression (including immunosuppression caused by medications or by human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]); * children and adolescents (aged 6 months-18 years) who are receiving long-term aspirin therapy and, therefore, might be at risk for developing Reye syndrome after influenza infection; * women who will be pregnant during the influenza season; and * children aged 6-23 months.

How long after surgery should you wait to get a flu shot?

That could vary according to why the cortisone shot was prescribed. Ask the prescribing health care professional if there is any contraindication in your specific circumstances that would necessitate your waiting before vaccination.

Why do vaccines make you sick?

Vaccines are not the disease itself. They make the body think that it is being attacked and it responds by making antibodies against that virus or bacteria. You can have some side effects where you may not feel well. These feeling is also a way the body fights diseases off. You know how you feel with cold infecting you. Part of that is the response you body makes when it is infected. A cold, flu, some other infection often have the same feelings (symptoms).

Why do some people not want to get vaccines?

MMR vaccine protects you against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella. You need 2-3 doses on the proper schedule to become immune. You should get a blood test (titer) to confirm that the shots worked and gave your body immunity (some people need more shots and a small few people never seem to "take" to the vaccine, especially the mumps part- also the mumps part can be spoiled by heat during storage).

Many healthcare workers, teachers, and other professionals are required to get this vaccine to protect themselves and others from these diseases.

MMR is a "trivalent" (3-in-one) vaccine against the following 3 diseases:

Measles is a rough disease that we don't see as much of anymore because of the success of vaccines- but it could come back if people stop taking the vaccine.

Mumps is less common these days but there was a recent outbreak in New York City's Brooklyn area because groups of people stopped getting the vaccine for their kids. The mumps part of the vaccine can be spoiled by heat, so if the vaccine was not refrigerated properly, it can fail- while the other two parts are still effective. Also some people just never "seroconvert" (get immunity from the vaccine) or need a 3rd or 4th dose to obtain immunity. This can be frustrating because they require multiple blood tests to ensure that they are immune.

Rubella is a disease that isn't terribly serious except for the fact that when pregnant women get it, their babies usually cannot survive the infection, or the babies brains are severely injured for the rest of their lives. So this vaccine is important for all of us to get so that women won't have a large chance of getting exposed during pregnancy.

All of these diseases are pretty harsh, and can be deadly in young, elderly, weak, ill, or medicated people (on steroids or other drugs that weaken the immune system).

When did chickenpox vaccine become available?

No one knows where the disease started, but some believe it was first written about by a Persian physician in the 9th century. Giovanni Fillppo in Italy in the 1500s. What's more certain is that in the 1600s, an English doctor named Richard Morton named what he thought a variation of smallpox. Then William Heberden in the 1700s proved that chickenpox was different from smallpox.

Are there vaccines to prevent Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C?

There are two forms of hepatitis B: Acute (self-clearing) or chronic. According to Wikipedia, "Acute hepatitis B infection does not usually require treatment because most adults clear the infection spontaneously."

1% of acute cases may require early antiviral treatment, for example if there disease is particularly aggressive, or if the patient is immunocompromised.

There are currently no drugs which will clear a chronic hepatitis b infection, however drugs are available which slow the replication of the virus, hence reducing liver damage and improving quality of life. These are all "antiviral" drugs. These are frequently used in those with chronic hepatitis B.

Another issue is that, even when a person appears to be "cured" of hepatitis B, the disease can be "reactivated" and occur again in the same person. However this is mainly an issue for immunocompromised patients.

Hepatitis B is preventable by vaccination (usually a course of three injections, given over a year, but course length and timing of each dose is individualised according to the patients requirements).

As a general answer to your question, no, there is no "cure" for hepatitis B, however it is "treatable".

Please see related link for more in-depth information.

Does mmr cause autism?

No, there is actually strong evidence against this idea. The MMR vaccine is not linked to autism.

Much of the original controversy was caused by a paper published by Andrew Wakefield (t the time he was a physician) in The Lancet - the prestigious British medical journal. After the publication of Wakefield's paper, other researchers were unable to reproduce Wakefield's findings or confirm his hypothesis of an association between the MMR vaccine and autism, or autism and gastrointestinal disease. After a British Journalist uncovered and published undisclosed financial conflict of interest information (Wakefield was getting money from people suing the vaccine company claiming the vaccine caused autism in their children), the British Governing Medical Council (GMC) - the governing body for physicians in Britain - opened an investigation against Wakefield and two former colleagues. Most of his co-authors withdrew their support for the study's interpretations

On 28 January 2010, a five-member statutory tribunal of the GMC found three dozen charges proved, including four counts of dishonesty and 12 counts involving the abuse of developmentally challenged children. The panel ruled that Wakefield had "failed in his duties as a responsible consultant", acted both against the interests of his patients, and "dishonestly and irresponsibly" in his published research.

Wakefield's study that was used to link MMR to autism was retracted by The Lancet and was subsequently labeled an "elaborate fraud" in an investigation published by the British medical journal BMJ. The investigation concluded the study's author, Dr. Andrew Wakefield, misrepresented or altered the medical histories of all 12 of the patients whose cases formed the basis of the 1998 study -- and that there was "no doubt" Wakefield was responsible.

Three months following The Lancet's retraction, Wakefield was struck off the UK medical register, with a statement identifying deliberate falsification in the research published in The Lancet and was barred from practicing medicine in the UK.

Wakefield's utter failure to conduct valid research does not disprove any possible links between vaccines and autism, but it is pretty obvious his "study" suggesting a possible link between the MMR vaccine and autism was worthless.

How do vaccines prevent the spread of some infections diseases?

Most vaccines give you a mild case of the disease they are attempting to prevent but in a 'dead' state that generally does not allow the illness to become serious. Your body is then able to produce an abundance of antibodies that will be able to fight off a 'live' version of the virus should you ever come into contact with one.

Who made a cure for the flu?

Nobody, yet. There is no known cure for influenze (the 'flu). There are vaccinations which can help to prevent one from getting the 'flu, but these are not cures. They work by giving the person a small dose of the virus thought most likely to strike an area, and this gets the person's immune system to make antibodies against that particular virus. If that particular virus is the one which strikes, then the person may not get the 'flu - not "will not", just "may not". If a different strain of the virus is what strikes then the vaccinated person may have no immunity.

What are the pros and cons of getting the flu shot?

Pro:

  • Over 36,000 people die from the seasonal flu each year in the US. Flu vaccinations help prevent more deaths.
  • When you get vaccinated, you help prevent death in infants, elderly and the ill who can not get their own vaccinations, or who can not produce the needed immune response to have their own immunity. ALL infants under 6 months old could die if you get the flu and give it to them either directly or indirectly. They can not be vaccinated until 6 months old, so your immunity from the flu vaccine is mostly what they rely upon to protect them (by having one less person infected with influenza, rapidly making and spreading more viruses, and spreading influenza to many more people who will do the same, exposing more and more infants and others to potential harm and death).
  • You have a significantly decreased chance of getting a flu virus that season and some protection in the future against the same or similar viruses so you will not be one of the 36,000 who die from the flu each year.
  • Flu vaccines are made the same way as they have been for decades and the statistical analysis indicates it is far safer than not getting vaccinated. The incidence of problems from receiving vaccinations is extremely low, especially when you consider these are given every year in every nation across the world to millions upon millions of people and have, thus, been proven safe. They are proven well worth any minor risks. See the information below from VAERS (US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System) in the related links section.
  • You can not get the flu from the vaccines.
  • There are now alternative administration routes and many people no longer have to be vaccinated with a shot. See the related questions.

Con:

  • Some people have stronger immune reactions to the vaccine (intended purpose, this is how immunity is produced) that will cause mild flu symptoms or local tenderness at the site of the injection that last a few days.
  • Incorrect information is spread about the safety of the vaccines and people are afraid to get the vaccine which puts all infants under 6 months old at higher risk of death from a case of the flu.
  • A very small number of people will have allergic reactions and some die. This is true for all medications on the market, none are without some risk. Even over-the-counter Tylenol and aspirin have as many or more risks and untoward effects when used as do flu vaccines.
  • It used to be that anyone allergic to eggs could not be vaccinated due to the manufacturing process which uses eggs and chicken protein as the growth medium for the viruses to use in the vaccines. However, see the related question for new information about that.
  • Fear of needles can prevent use of the injectable vaccines, but there are the nasal spray and intradermal formulations that can be used now. See more in related questions.
  • Some people fear the traces of mercury and thimerosol in the vaccines, however, studies have not found any association with these, in the minute amounts contained in the vaccines, and significant side effects. The amount of mercury is about the same as a single meal of fish.

Does H1N1 vaccine cause infertility?

Vaccines affect different people in different ways.

That said, the H1N1/09 potential severity is an exaggeration, and there have been a large number of instances across Asia where the vaccination has been linked to a sudden onset of infertility or miscarriage in patients.

Research any vaccine that you feel you may want to take, and arm yourself with the facts, it might mean the difference between life and death.

NO.

This concern goes back to 2008 and before (before H1N1/09). It is mostly derived from information about infertility in mice, in some trials of influenza vaccines, that indicated the vaccine could be linked to problems with reproductive function...in mice. However, currently the links in humans appear to be only anecdotal and coincidental or extremely rare and not yet analyzed fully.

The data collected and reported by the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) about adverse events from H1N1/09 vaccines, does not include a concern about this for humans from use of the current flu vaccines. However, it is always evaluated and reports are encouraged for follow up study which is ongoing.

The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) does not list this as a reason to avoid vaccinations for the H1N1/09 influenza, and they are still strongly encouraging the use in both pregnant women and those who are desiring pregnancy because of the high risk of complications and death from the H1N1/09 flu in that population. The risk of having the flu with complications and/or death is still significantly greater than the risk of untoward effects of vaccinations in women.

Knowledge is always important in health care decisions. Read all you can find, ask your health care professionals and pharmacists often about things you read or hear. Stay alert to information from the right sources such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the proper sources of other information, such as the ACOG and other Boards of Medical Specialties. If you are not yourself a health care professional who can evaluate and interpret the medical specialty reports, and if you have a concern, go to the proper sources on the internet and ask your doctor.

Use discretion when it comes to believing what you hear and read. There is so much available on the internet, not all of which comes from valid and reliable sources, it is difficult to discern fact from fiction from fears. Ask your doctor if what you have read is valid. There is a lot of speculation, misinformation, and undue concern along with pertinent and factual information available at our fingertips today.

Although there may be anecdotal evidence to suggest this, and there is the study in mice, there are no analyzed reports of infertility in women as an adverse effect of the vaccine or a trend in the incoming data to VAERS that have been released by the VAERS reporting system for vaccine adverse events. No changes have been made in the recommendations for use of the flu vaccines.

Remember that these vaccines contain all the same ingredients and are made the exact same way as seasonal influenza vaccinations have been for decades of use (including Polysorbate 80, the ingredient that has been the focus of this concern). The only difference in ingredients is the type of flu virus each year included in the vaccines. This has not been a trend found over all these years of use, although for the sake of safety, it is always being monitored and evaluated.

See the related links below in the related links section for more information.