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There is a history of smallpox inoculation that goes back as far as 1000 AD in China, Africa, and Turkey. However, the person credited with creating the first vaccine is Edward Jenner, an English scientist who pioneered one for smallpox in 1796. His breakthrough came from taking pus from a blister of someone infected with cowpox and using it to inoculate another person, thus preventing smallpox in that person. He developed this treatment after hypothesizing that dairy workers were rarely, if ever, infected with the deadly smallpox virus because most of them were already infected with cowpox, which has a very mild effect on humans.

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Yes, flu vaccines, including the vaccine for the 2009 pandemic swine flu that is included in the seasonal flu vaccinations again for the 2012-2013 flu season, are considered safe and effective for breastfeeding mothers. The antibodies that are produced in response to the flu vaccines in the mother will also help protect the baby through the mother's milk. Also since infants under six months old can not be vaccinated yet due to their immature immune systems, it is recommended that anyone caring for these babies should be vaccinated, so they can not give the virus to the infant. This would include breastfeeding mothers.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention gives the following related information (note that this information comes from the time of the initial H1N1/09 vaccine development for the 2009-2010 flu season. Since that time this vaccine is no longer needed to be given in a separate vaccination and has been included in the annual flu vaccine for the several years since then. No second vaccination is needed any longer. It is included in the 2012-2013 flu vaccine):

Both seasonal flu and 2009 H1N1 monovalent influenza vaccines should be given to breastfeeding mothers. Breastfeeding is fully compatible with flu vaccination, and preventing maternal infection provides secondary protection to the infant.

Maternal vaccination is especially important for infants less than 6 months old, who are ineligible for vaccination. In addition, transfer of vaccination-related antibodies by breastfeeding further reduces the infant's chances of getting sick

with the flu.

While pregnant women should just receive the inactivated injectable form of influenza vaccine, nursing mothers can receive either the injectable or nasal spray form.

Pregnant women should not receive nasal spray vaccine for either seasonal flu or 2009 H1N1 flu. After delivery, women can receive the nasal spray vaccine, even if they are breastfeeding.

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They are both pharmaceuticals. It's just how they are used that's difference. One is for prevention and one is for treatment once you're already has the disease. In term of bang for the buck, vaccines generally have been the most effective pharmaceuticals in changing the prevalent of a disease in a population.

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Probably not. Each year the ingredients in the flu vaccine are different, because each year different strains of the influenza virus are going around. They have to make up a new vaccine each year, to be sure it contains all the right strains that will provide immunity for the kinds of flu that are circulating at that time. Since the vaccine for the seasonal flu for this year in the Northern Hemisphere has just been manufactured and released very recently, it would not seem possible for it to be already expired. If you use a vaccine from a prior year (the more likely scenario if the expiration date on the bottle has already passed), then you will not be fully protected against the strains of virus that will be causing flu this year and may be taking something that could be harmful in addition to providing no protection.

You should talk to those at the source of the vaccine to find out why the vaccine would be expired.

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ten years

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Attenuated simply means "weakened". An attenuated flu vaccine refers to vaccines made with live viruses (so you get a good immune response), but they have been weakened chemically so that they are unable to give you the flu.

There are two types of flu vaccines available in the US. What is called inactivated, inactive or "dead" vaccine and what is called "live", weakened/attenuated vaccine. The injectable vaccines (intradermal and intramuscular) are made with "dead" viruses and the nasal spray is made with "live" attenuated viruses.

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There are studies that suggest that over time the flu vaccines can lose some effectiveness. This is partially due to the original vaccine being less effective on mutated forms of the same virus. But for the same exact strain of H1N1 that is in the vaccine, and others that are very similar to it, many people do retain lifetime protection.

One of the ways new viruses are created is through mutation of existing viruses. If the H1N1/09 Pandemic Swine Flu virus mutates to a strain that our immune systems do not detect as the same, then the body would have to either be vaccinated with a new vaccine that includes the new strain, or develop new immunity naturally by infection.

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When one is vaccinated, the risk of getting the disease they are being vaccinated against goes down greatly. They are also at less risk of being a carrier of the disease and passing it onto those who cannot fight the disease off, such as the elderly, the young, and those with compromised immune systems. Herd immunity is caused by most people getting the vaccine, and protecting those who are unable to get the vaccine.

Also, certain diseases that are more common in other countries can travel to countries where that disease is less common. Many people may no longer be vaccinated against the disease, and it may result in a deadly outbreak.

In the big picture, vaccination reduces both the incidence and impact a disease has in a large population. While the (very) rare individual may experience harmful side-effects of certain vaccines, the overall population will be much more resistant (and, possibly even immune) to infection by the disease inoculated against.

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There are different kinds of influenza. So a vaccine against one, usually won't be effective against another. Also, the flu virus mutates easily and rapidly. When it mutates, the old vaccine is may no longer be effective, depending on how different the mutation is to the original strain. It is also under study to determine if there is a gradual loss of immunity from flu over long time periods as some believe occurs in some people with use of some vaccines and with some types of flu.

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There is no vaccine for someone who already has the virus. That being said, you should get the Hepatitis A vaccine to further protect yourself, and your liver, should you be exposed to it. As a carrier of Hep b you should know that you should never share toothbrushes or razors. Avoid alcohol to avoid further damaging your liver. Also, everyone in your household should be vaccinated against Hep b. Always use condoms with intercourse, because Hep b can be spread through bodily secretions, and make sure that your partner knows you are infected and that they get vaccinated to protect themselves.

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They have prevented millions of deaths and unnecessary suffering, and they have helped to eradicate a few diseases.

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"Live" vaccines contain weakened samples of the pathogen to be immunized against which are chemically treated to make them unable to make you sick, but will still cause an immune response to create the desired immunity. These are called Live Attenuated Vaccines (attenuated just means weakened). "Dead" vaccines have partial particles or totally inactivated/"dead" samples of the pathogen. With virus vaccines, usually live vaccines are given by intra-nasal spray and dead vaccines are given by injection.

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The first vaccine was discovered by Edward Jenner and he did some tests on a healthy boy. He inserted the disease of cowpox.He waited a couple of weeks. The boy resulted with pimples all over his hand.

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Thiamine is necessary for carbohydrate metabolism, and is widely accessible from many foods, including seeds, whole wheat flour, and some meats. Thiamine supplements are only necessary if you have a deficiency, which is determined only by a medical doctor. The supplement is injected into veins or muscles.

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Yes, there can be a local infection from a contaminated needle from a flu shot and that would be called cellulitis. However, many people can get a red, sore, slightly swollen area at the flu injection site from the desired immune response. This usually goes away in a few days. It gets better from exercising the muscle into which the shot was injected. If it is more than two days after the shot and the redness or inflammation is still increasing, then you should seek advice from your health care professional.

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To treat typhoid fever

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1nce

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There are no drug interactions between the vaccine and other medications according to the manufacturers' information. However, you should contact the doctor who ordered the Zpack to be sure there would be no contraindications in your case. If you have a fever from a bacterial infection for which you are taking the antibiotics, then you should wait until the fever has been gone for 24 hours before getting a flu vaccination. A fever indicates that your body is actively fighting an infection and that is not a good time to load another pathogen (the one in the vaccine) onto your immune system.

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They can be, but usually aren't. This is mostly because many people get red and tender tissue at the site of the injection for a few days after the shot. It is much easier to deal with that soreness in a location like the arm that doesn't need to be sat upon.

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Live Oka strain varicella vaccine was developed by Michiaki Takahashi et al. in the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka Univ. in 1974.

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Perhaps. It takes a few weeks for the immune system to build up a protection, so if you are exposed very soon after the vaccine, it is possible.

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Only one vaccination (for each type of flu) is needed as long as the virus does not mutate. They will have lifetime immunity* to the exact same virus in the vaccine after one immunization. If the virus mutates into a new form, then they will need a new vaccination for the new virus.

However, if your question is more about how many shots they need to create the initial immunity, then children under 10 need a series of two vaccinations. The second one is given approximately one month after the first and then in 3 - 4 weeks after the second one, they will have produced immunity for life to that exact virus strain and sometimes to very similar ones.

*Some vaccines eventually lose their ability to protect over time and that is a good reason to get a flu shot each year to be sure your protection is still working.

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No. it will only hurt if you think about it. honestly , all it is, is a pinch. I got mine yesterday. I was over exaderating. it is nothing compared to the flu shot or h1n1. you will be fine. just don't think about it. if you think about it too much, then yes it will hurt . but that's mentally. so just relax. when it's done, you'll be like "that was nothing". good luck!

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