Vaccinations

Separate vaccines are no longer on the market in the US as of spring 2015. There is no medical reason to separate these vaccines. Talk with your health care provider for accurate information about the risks and benefits of MMR vaccination.

This year's vaccine does contain Type A, H1N1/09 vaccine made from the specific type (i.e., mutation) of the H1N1/09 virus that is expected to circulate in the US in flu season this year. That specific strain is called:

A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus

The vaccines made from the other two selected influenza strains that are in the 2012-2013 flu vaccines in the US contain:

A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2)-like virus

B/Wisconsin/1/2010-like virus (from the B/Yamagata lineage of viruses)

Jonas Salk came up with the first injectable polio vaccine, followed by Albert Sabin who came up with the first oral polio vaccine.

Then, the nobody will be infected.

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (names of two French scientistswho prepared this vaccine)

Vaccines are small amounts of live viruses injected into the body. These viruses teach the body's immune system how to fight off the disease.

Correction: Some viruses are live. Some are weakened, most flu vaccines are dead viruses, not live, although the nasal mist is a live, weakened virus. Please make sure your answers are correct.

A toxin is a poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms. Toxins produced by microorganism are important virulence determinants responsible for microbial pathogencity and/or evasion the host immune response. This will alter the human physiology when taken so to avoid the bad effect of toxin it is first inactivated and then used as vaccine which is known as toxoid.

There is no available vaccine for the HIV virus.

Yes, there can be a local infection from a contaminated needle from a flu shot and that would be called cellulitis. However, many people can get a red, sore, slightly swollen area at the flu injection site from the desired immune response. This usually goes away in a few days. It gets better from exercising the muscle into which the shot was injected. If it is more than two days after the shot and the redness or inflammation is still increasing, then you should seek advice from your health care professional.

Children are given vaccinations to develop antibodies against various diseases so that they are less likely to become seriously ill. Many diseases have been eradicated (stopped) through the decades of vaccinations of babies and young children. However, when parents didn't have their babies and toddlers vaccinated, many of these awful and deadly diseases have begun to re-appear.

The immune system recognizes antigens present within infectious organisms/viral particles/tumor cells. These antigens are typically proteins, but can be complexed with lipids or carbohydrates. Nucleic acids can be targeted by the immune system, but they are not distinct enough to act as appropriate antigens.

It depends mainly on where the razor was used and how serious the cut is. for example if the razor has been anywhere where there may have been harmful bacteria.

Yes, as long as it is small and local just to a small area at the injection site. If it has spread more than an inch or 2 beyond, call the doctor as you may have had a bad reaction. Many people get a mild reaction that results in swelling, discoloration, and even a "lump" that can last for weeks and this is not unusual.

It depends on what country in the Caribbean you're traveling to. In the Dominican Republic, for example, you need the routine vaccinations (which you likely already have), plus Hep A and B, typhoid, and Rabies. See the website for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for the list of advisories for each country.

they both are used to protect the body from infection

On a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the worst pain ever, it is probably almost always less than 1. I would liken it to a prick from a thorn or splinter, or more than a bug bite but less than a bee sting or similar to poking yourself with a sewing needle or straight pin by accident.

It can vary depending on what medicine is in the shot, some medicines sting or burn as they are going in (it helps if they are injected slowly). Thick medicines also hurt more and slow injection also helps prevent that. But these two circumstances still would be less than 1 on the pain scale in most cases.

If the medicine is not an irritant to tissue and if the injection is done correctly, you may not even feel it. If you feel it, it lasts only a second or two just as the needle goes in. Count, "1 Mississippi, 2 Mississippi, ... " and see how fast it goes.

Influenza vaccinations, for example, are given in small quantities and the needles used are not very big when injecting into the muscle as most flu shots are. There are even smaller (90% smaller) needles used when you get the newest intradermal vaccines. They go into the layers of the skin, not as deep as muscle or subcutaneous injections. They are good for those with needle phobias and, these almost never hurt.

Sometimes some people will get a sore arm the next day from vaccinations. It can feel like a strained muscle and might be very sore to the touch, have reddish skin and be slightly swollen. This is a normal reaction to the immune response that the vaccine is causing, and it is noticed more at the local site of the injection at first. It should go away in a matter of days and the more you use your arm, the faster that will improve.

Shots in the arm are really usually no big deal.

Yes, eventually they do. But, sometimes it is much less expensive if they get them in their ouwn country before coming to the US especially if their countries have universal health care.

One such example would be a vaccine for viral illnesses. They can be made from attenuated (weakened) viruses or from inactivated viruses or pieces of them.

$23-$85

Vaccination effect of the small pox last for life time. You need to consider vaccinating the whole population against the small pox. It gives some protection against the HIV infection, probably.

Here are some precautions after he got his shots:

Your child may need extra love and care

after getting vaccinated. Some vaccinations

that protect children from serious diseases

also can cause discomfort for a while.

Here are answers to questions many parents

have after their children have been vaccinated.

If this sheet doesn't answer your

questions, call your healthcare provider.

Vaccinations may hurt a little . . .

but disease can hurt a lot!

• Give your child plenty to drink.

• Dress your child lightly. Do not cover or wrap your child tightly.

• Give your child a fever- or pain-reducing medicine such as acetaminophen

(e.g., Tylenol) or ibuprofen (e.g., Advil, Motrin). The dose you give

your child should be based on your child's weight and your heathcare

provider's instructions. Do not give aspirin.

Recheck your child's temperature after 1 hour. Call your healthcare

provider if you have questions.

My child has been fussy since getting vaccinated. What should

I do?

After vaccination, children may be fussy because of pain or fever. To reduce

discomfort, you may want to give your child a medicine such as acetaminophen

or ibuprofen. Do not give aspirin.

If your child is fussy for more than 24 hours, call your healthcare provider.

My child's leg or arm is swollen, hot, and red. What should I do?

• Apply a clean, cool, wet washcloth over the sore area for comfort.

• For pain, give a medicine such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Do not give aspirin.

• If the redness or tenderness increases after 24 hours, call your healthcare

provider.

My child seems really sick. Should I call my healthcare provider?

If you are worried at all about how your child looks or feels, call your healthcare

provider!

The flu shots are to prevent the flu, not to treat the flu.

It will not be necessary to get a flu shot after you have had the flu, if you know what type of flu you had for sure (by lab testing). If you are not sure that it was the seasonal flu or another type of flu (like swine flu), then taking a vaccination will be a good idea to be sure you are protected for the other strains of flu. It will not hurt to take a flu shot for the same type of flu you had, and if the vaccine is for a different type, then you will have that added protection. You should usually wait until after the symptoms of active fever are gone before getting a flu shot, though.

Flu shots work by exposing you to a small amount of weakened or dead viruses that cause a specific flu, or sometimes the vaccine will cover several (the seasonal flu vaccine usually contains three strains), so that your body can build immunity to them before being exposed to the full strength viruses in the environment.

For the 2009 - 2010 flu season in the US, you are encouraged to get two vaccinations for the flu. One for the seasonal flu (it protects against three flu strains) and one for the A-H1N1/09 swine flu. If you have not had lab confirmation of the type of flu you already have had, then the CDC still recommends you get both vaccines.

Yes. There is a rabies vaccine.