Windows Server 2003

The global catalog is a distributed data repository that contains a searchable, partial representation of every object in every domain in a multidomain Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) forest. The global catalog is stored on domain controllers that have been designated as global catalog servers and is distributed through multimaster replication. Searches that are directed to the global catalog are faster because they do not involve referrals to different domain controllers.

noteNote

In Windows Server 2003 and Microsoft Windows 2000 Server, the directory service is named Active Directory. In Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows Server 2008, the directory service is named Active Directory Domain Services. The rest of this topic refers to AD DS, but the information is also applicable to Active Directory.

In addition to configuration and schema directory partition replicas, every domain controller in a forest stores a full, writable replica of a single domain directory partition. Therefore, a domain controller can locate only the objects in its domain. Locating an object in a different domain would require the user or application to provide the domain of the requested object.

The global catalog provides the ability to locate objects from any domain without having to know the domain name. A global catalog server is a domain controller that, in addition to its full, writable domain directory partition replica, also stores a partial, read-only replica of all other domain directory partitions in the forest. The additional domain directory partitions are partial because only a limited set of attributes is included for each object. By including only the attributes that are most used for searching, every object in every domain in even the largest forest can be represented in the database of a single global catalog server.

noteNote

A global catalog server can also store a full, writable replica of an application directory partition, but objects in application directory partitions are not replicated to the global catalog as partial, read-only directory partitions.

The global catalog is built and updated automatically by the AD DS replication system. The attributes that are replicated to the global catalog are identified in the schema as the partial attribute set (PAS) and are defined by default by Microsoft. However, to optimize searching, you can edit the schema by adding or removing attributes that are stored in the global catalog.

In Windows 2000 Server environments, any change to the PAS results in full synchronization (update of all attributes) of the global catalog. Later versions of Windows Server reduce the impact of updating the global catalog by replicating only the attributes that change.

In a single-domain forest, a global catalog server stores a full, writable replica of the domain and does not store any partial replica. A global catalog server in a single-domain forest functions in the same manner as a non-global-catalog server except for the processing of forest-wide searches.

Common Global Catalog Scenarios

The following events require a global catalog server:

* Forest-wide searches. The global catalog provides a resource for searching an AD DS forest. Forest-wide searches are identified by the LDAP port that they use. If the search query uses port 3268, the query is sent to a global catalog server.

* User logon. In a forest that has more than one domain, two conditions require the global catalog during user authentication:

o In a domain that operates at the Windows 2000 native domain functional level or higher, domain controllers must request universal group membership enumeration from a global catalog server.

o When a user principal name (UPN) is used at logon and the forest has more than one domain, a global catalog server is required to resolve the name.

* Universal Group Membership Caching: In a forest that has more than one domain, in sites that have domain users but no global catalog server, Universal Group Membership Caching can be used to enable caching of logon credentials so that the global catalog does not have to be contacted for subsequent user logons. This feature eliminates the need to retrieve universal group memberships across a WAN link from a global catalog server in a different site.

noteNote

Universal groups are available only in a domain that operates at the Windows 2000 native domain functional level or higher.

* Exchange Address Book lookups. Servers running Microsoft Exchange Server rely on access to the global catalog for address information. Users use global catalog servers to access the global address list (GAL).

Search Requests

Because a domain controller that acts as a global catalog server stores objects for all domains in the forest, users and applications can use the global catalog to locate objects in any domain within a multidomain forest without a referral to a different server.

When a forest consists of a single domain, every domain controller has a full, writable copy of every object in the domain and forest. However, it is important to retain the global catalog on at least one domain controller because many applications use port 3268 for searching. For example, if you do not have any global catalog servers, the Search command on the Start menu cannot locate objects in AD DS.

The replicas that are replicated to the global catalog also include the access permissions for each object and attribute. If you are searching for an object that you do not have permission to access, you do not see the object in the list of search results. Users can find only objects to which they are allowed access.

User Logon Support

In addition to its role as a search provider, in a forest that has more than one domain, the global catalog has a role as an identity source during the user logon process. Universal groups can provide access to resources outside of the users domain. User principal names (UPNs) can specify a domain other than the domain of the user. By making universal group membership and UPN domain-user mapping information available on all global catalog servers, the global catalog provides the definitive source for groups that are capable of providing access in more than one domain and names that do not unequivocally identify the domain of the user.

Universal Group Membership

During the domain logon process, the user must be authenticated. During the authentication process, the user is validated (the domain controller verifies the identity of the user) and the user receives authorization data for access to resources. To provide authorization data of a user, the authenticating domain controller retrieves the security identifiers (SIDs) for all security groups of which the user is a member and adds these SIDs to the user's access token. In a forest that has more than one domain, the global catalog is the only location where memberships of all universal groups in that forest can be ascertained. For this reason, access to a global catalog server is required for successful authentication in a domain that can have universal groups.

The global catalog stores the membership (the member attribute) of only universal groups. The membership of other groups can be ascertained at the domain level.

Because a universal group can have members from domains other than the domain where the group object is stored and can be used to provide access to resources in any domain, only a global catalog server is guaranteed to have all universal group memberships that are required for authentication.

For example, a user might be a member of a universal group that has its group object stored in a different domain but provides access to resources in the user's domain. To ensure that the user can be authorized to access resources appropriately in this domain, the domain controller must have access to the membership of all universal groups in the forest.

If a global catalog server is not available, the user logon fails.

User Principal Name

A user principal name (UPN) is a logon name that takes the form of an e-mail address. A UPN specifies the user ID followed by a DNS domain name, separated by an "@" character (for example, xyz@abc.com). UPNs allow administrative management of the UPN suffix to provide logon names that:

* Match the user's e-mail name.

* Do not reveal the domain structure of the forest.

When a user account is created, the UPN suffix is generated by default as userName@ DnsDomainName, but it can be changed administratively. For example, in a forest that has four domains, the UPN suffix might be configured to map to the external DNS name for the organization. The userPrincipalName attribute of the user account identifies the UPN and is replicated to the global catalog.

When you use a UPN to log on to a domain, your workstation contacts a global catalog server to resolve the name because the UPN suffix is not necessarily the domain for which the contacted domain controller is authoritative. If the DNS domain name in the UPN suffix is not a valid DNS domain, the logon fails. Assuming the UPN suffix is a valid DNS name, the global catalog server returns the name of the AD DS domain to your workstation, which then queries DNS for a domain controller in that domain.

If a company has more than one forest and uses trust relationships between the domains in the different forests, a UPN cannot be used to log on to a domain that is outside the user's forest because the UPN is resolved in the global catalog of the user's forest.

Universal Group Membership Caching

Universal Group Membership Caching eliminates the need for a domain controller in a multidomain forest to contact a global catalog server during the logon process in domains where universal groups are available. Caching group membership reduces WAN traffic, which helps in sites where updating the cached group membership of security principals, including user and computer accounts, generates less traffic than replicating the global catalog to the site.

Use the following criteria to determine if a site is a good candidate for Universal Group Membership Caching:

* Number of users and computers in the site: The site has less than 500 combined users and computers, including transient users who log on occasionally but not on a regular basis. The cache of a user who logs on once continues to be updated periodically for 180 days after the first logon. A general limit of 500 membership caches can be updated at a time. If greater than 500 security principals have cached group memberships, some caches might not be updated.

* Number of domain controllers: Each domain controller performs a refresh on every user in its site once every eight hours. Depending on the number of domains in the forest, 500 security principals and two domain controllers could generate more WAN traffic than placing a global catalog server in the site. Therefore, you need to rationalize the WAN costs when exceeding 500 security principals and two domain controllers.

* Tolerance for high latency in group updates. Because domain controllers in the site where Universal Group Membership Caching is enabled update the membership caches every eight hours, and because credentials are always taken from the cache, updates to group memberships are not reflected in the security principal's credentials for up to eight hours.

Address Book Lookups

Exchange Server uses the global catalog to store mail recipient data that enables clients in a forest to send and receive e-mail messages.

Global Catalog Dependencies and Interactions

Global catalog servers have the following dependencies and interactions with other Windows Server technologies:

* AD DS installation. When AD DS is installed on the first domain controller in a forest, the installation application creates that domain controller as a global catalog server.

* AD DS replication. The global catalog is built and maintained by AD DS replication:

o Subsequent to forest creation, when a domain controller is designated as a global catalog server, AD DS replication automatically transfers PAS replicas to the domain controller, including the partial replica of every domain in the forest other than the local domain.

o To facilitate intersite replication of global catalog server updates, AD DS replication selects global catalog servers as bridgehead servers whenever a global catalog server is present in a site and domains that are not present in the site exist in other sites in the forest.

* Domain Name System (DNS). Global catalog server clients depend on DNS to provide the IP address of global catalog servers. DNS is required to advertise global catalog servers for domain controller location.

* Net Logon service. Global catalog advertisement in DNS depends on the Net Logon service to perform DNS registrations. When replication of the global catalog is complete, or when a global catalog server starts, the Net Logon service publishes service (SRV) resource records in DNS that specifically advertise the domain controller as a global catalog server.

* Domain controller Locator: When a global catalog server is requested (by a user or application that launches a search over port 3268, or by a domain controller that is authenticating a user logon), the domain controller Locator queries DNS for a global catalog server.

* Active Directory installation of a new forest: Global catalog creation occurs during AD DS installation of the first domain controller in the forest.

* Net Logon registration: Resource records are registered in DNS to advertise the domain controller as a global catalog server.

* AD DS replication:

o When a new domain controller (DC2) is created and an administrator designates it as a global catalog server, replication of the PAS from DC1 occurs.

o DC1 in DomainA replicates changes for DomainA to DC2, and DC2 replicates updates to data for DomainB to DC1.

* DC location: The dotted lines enclose the processes whereby two clients locate a global catalog server by querying DNS:

o A through C: (A) ClientX sends a query to the global catalog, which prompts (B) a DNS query to locate the closest global catalog server, and then (C) the client contacts the returned global catalog server DC2 to resolve the query.

o 1 through 5: (1) ClientY logs on to the domain, which prompts (2) a DNS query for the closest domain controllers. (3) ClientY contacts the returned domain controller DC3 for authentication. (4) DC3 queries DNS to find the closest global catalog server and then (5) contacts the returned global catalog server DC2 to retrieve the universal groups for the user.

The global catalog solves the problem of how to locate domain data that is not stored on a domain controller in the domain of the client that requires the information. By using different ports for standard LDAP queries (port 389) and global catalog queries (port 3268), AD DS effectively separates forest-wide queries that require a global catalog server from local, domainwide queries that can be serviced by the domain controller in the user's domain.

Most likely during an unkown "command" overflow

one local Group Policy

object. It is stored in %systemroot%System32\GroupPolicy.

it didnt.

enforce

manager

owners

You don't have to download anything. You can make Kadaza your homepage. Find the instructions at the Kadaza site.

GPO Filtering

The DHCP server is not a member of the DnsUpdateProxy security group.

ITs command to promote ur server 2003 to domain controller

It is a hierarchical representation of all the objects and their attributes available on the network. It enables administrators to manage the network resources, i.e., computers, users, printers, shared folders, etc., in an easy way. The logical structure represented by Active Directory consists of forests, trees, domains, organizational units, and individual objects. This structure is completely independent from the physical structure of the network, and allows administrators to manage domains according to the organizational needs without bothering about the physical network structure.

Following is the description of all logical components of the Active Directory structure:

Forest: A forest is the outermost boundary of an Active Directory structure. It is a group of multiple domain trees that share a common schema but do not form a contiguous namespace. It is created when the first Active Directory-based computer is installed on a network. There is at least one forest on a network. The first domain in a forest is called a root domain. It controls the schema and domain naming for the entire forest. It can be separately removed from the forest. Administrators can create multiple forests and then create trust relationships between specific domains in those forests, depending upon the organizational needs.

Trees: A hierarchical structure of multiple domains organized in the Active Directory forest is referred to as a tree. It consists of a root domain and several child domains. The first domain created in a tree becomes the root domain. Any domain added to the root domain becomes its child, and the root domain becomes its parent. The parent-child hierarchy continues until the terminal node is reached. All domains in a tree share a common schema, which is defined at the forest level. Depending upon the organizational needs, multiple domain trees can be included in a forest.

Domains: A domain is the basic organizational structure of a Windows Server 2003 networking model. It logically organizes the resources on a network and defines a security boundary in Active Directory. The directory may contain more than one domain, and each domain follows its own security policy and trust relationships with other domains. Almost all the organizations having a large network use domain type of networking model to enhance network security and enable administrators to efficiently manage the entire network.

Objects: Active Directory stores all network resources in the form of objects in a hierarchical structure of containers and subcontainers, thereby making them easily accessible and manageable. Each object class consists of several attributes. Whenever a new object is created for a particular class, it automatically inherits all attributes from its member class. Although the Windows Server 2003 Active Directory defines its default set of objects, administrators can modify it according to the organizational needs.

Organizational Unit (OU): It is the least abstract component of the Windows Server 2003 Active Directory. It works as a container into which resources of a domain can be placed. Its logical structure is similar to an organization's functional structure. It allows creating administrative boundaries in a domain by delegating separate administrative tasks to the administrators on the domain. Administrators can create multiple Organizational Units in the network. They can also create nesting of OUs, which means that other OUs can be created within an OU.

In a large complex network, the Active Directory service provides a single point of management for the administrators by placing all the network resources at a single place. It allows administrators to effectively delegate administrative tasks as well as facilitate fast searching of network resources. It is easily scalable, i.e., administrators can add a large number of resources to it without having additional administrative burden. It is accomplished by partitioning the directory database, distributing it across other domains, and establishing trust relationships, thereby providing users with benefits of decentralization, and at the same time, maintaining the centralized administration.

The physical network infrastructure of Active Directory is far too simple as compared to its logical structure. The physical components are domain controllers and sites.

Domain Controller: A Windows 2003 server on which Active Directory services are installed and run is called a domain controller. A domain controller locally resolves queries for information about objects in its domain. A domain can have multiple domain controllers. Each domain controller in a domain follows the multimaster model by having a complete replica of the domain's directory partition. In this model, every domain controller holds a master copy of its directory partition. Administrators can use any of the domain controllers to modify the Active Directory database. The changes performed by the administrators are automatically replicated to other domain controllers in the domain.

However, there are some operations that do not follow the multimaster model. Active Directory handles these operations and assigns them to a single domain controller to be accomplished. Such a domain controller is referred to as operations master. The operations master performs several roles, which can be forest-wide as well as domain-wide.

Forest-wide roles: There are two types of forest-wide roles:

Schema Master and Domain Naming Master. The Schema Master is responsible for maintaining the schema and distributing it to the entire forest. The Domain Naming Master is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the forest by recording additions of domains to and deletions of domains from the forest. When new domains are to be added to a forest, the Domain Naming Master role is queried. In the absence of this role, new domains cannot be added.

Domain-wide roles: There are three types of domain-wide roles: RID Master, PDC Emulator, and Infrastructure Master.

RID Master: The RID Master is one of the operations master roles that exist in each domain in a forest. It controls the sequence number for the domain controllers within a domain. It provides a unique sequence of RIDs to each domain controller in a domain. When a domain controller creates a new object, the object is assigned a unique security ID consisting of a combination of a domain SID and a RID. The domain SID is a constant ID, whereas the RID is assigned to each object by the domain controller. The domain controller receives the RIDs from the RID Master. When the domain controller has used all the RIDs provided by the RID Master, it requests the RID Master to issue more RIDs for creating additional objects within the domain. When a domain controller exhausts its pool of RIDs, and the RID Master is unavailable, any new object in the domain cannot be created.

PDC Emulator: The PDC emulator is one of the five operations master roles in Active Directory. It is used in a domain containing non-Active Directory computers. It processes the password changes from both users and computers, replicates those updates to backup domain controllers, and runs the Domain Master browser. When a domain user requests a domain controller for authentication, and the domain controller is unable to authenticate the user due to bad password, the request is forwarded to the PDC emulator. The PDC emulator then verifies the password, and if it finds the updated entry for the requested password, it authenticates the request.

Infrastructure Master: The Infrastructure Master role is one of the Operations Master roles in Active Directory. It functions at the domain level and exists in each domain in the forest. It maintains all inter-domain object references by updating references from the objects in its domain to the objects in other domains. It performs a very important role in a multiple domain environment. It compares its data with that of a Global Catalog, which always has up-to-date information about the objects of all domains. When the Infrastructure Master finds data that is obsolete, it requests the global catalog for its updated version. If the updated data is available in the global catalog, the Infrastructure Master extracts and replicates the updated data to all the other domain controllers in the domain.

Domain controllers can also be assigned the role of a Global Catalog server. A Global Catalog is a special Active Directory database that stores a full replica of the directory for its host domain and the partial replica of the directories of other domains in a forest. It is created by default on the initial domain controller in the forest. It performs the following primary functions regarding logon capabilities and queries within Active Directory:

It enables network logon by providing universal group membership information to a domain controller when a logon request is initiated.

It enables finding directory information about all the domains in an Active Directory forest.

A Global Catalog is required to log on to a network within a multidomain environment. By providing universal group membership information, it greatly improves the response time for queries. In its absence, a user will be allowed to log on only to his local domain if his user account is external to the local domain.

Site: A site is a group of domain controllers that exist on different IP subnets and are connected via a fast and reliable network connection. A network may contain multiple sites connected by a WAN link. Sites are used to control replication traffic, which may occur within a site or between sites. Replication within a site is referred to as intrasite replication, and that between sites is referred to as intersite replication. Since all domain controllers within a site are generally connected by a fast LAN connection, the intrasite replication is always in uncompressed form. Any changes made in the domain are quickly replicated to the other domain controllers. Since sites are connected to each other via a WAN connection, the intersite replication always occurs in compressed form. Therefore, it is slower than the intrasite replication

DSADD can add user,computers and groups all

Tombstone

NTFS : Administrators typically use NTFS permissions to assign privileges on a Windows Server 2008 file server.

we will check the dns nllookup .is it properly working if it is working then good if not than some problem

In 2003 he pocketed approximately $14 million, a hefty in crease from the previous year.

IF the 2 domains does not have trusting between them, then we can have same named user and can use the same password.it does not concern any one in two domains

IF the 2 domains have trust relation between them then only one password will work for both

so it does not require two passwords

the naming service that provide for the creation of a standard name for a given set of data.where as,directory service is a naming service which include meta data describing the object referenced by that name,
Example of naming service is DNS i.e Domain naming system
Example of Directory service is Telephone directory

the directory service allow to find the object without knowing its name.

there's a screw on the side of the receiver. unscrew it. if it won't unscrew, i do not recommend using a screwdriver in the slot of the screw head. you'll scrape up the screw head, guaranteed. instead, use a pair of pliers on the knurled rim of the screw head, but cover the jaws of the pliers in a few layers of duct tape first, to avoid scratching the finish.

once you've got the screw out, you can hold it over your knee and separate the 2 parts of the receiver. if it won't come apart, adjust the hammer. i don't remember off hand, but i believe it has to be cocked in order to disassemble the firearm.

Effective permission: delete

To turn off inbound replication

1. Open a Command Prompt.

2.Type the following command, and then press ENTER:

repadmin /options ServerName +DISABLE_INBOUND_REPL

where ServerName is the network basic input/output system (NetBIOS) name of the domain controller.

3. Verify that the option is set. The following message should appear:

New DC Options: DISABLE_INBOUND_REPL

This is known as a denial of service attack - DOS for short.

because when the service is stopped the database is free and any chnages can be done and in restoring the database file is overwritten by system.when service is started again the DHCP database file is loaded again and one gets the retored database entries reflecting.

When you are backing up date don't forget to include the folder with the configuration. And backup utility will save everything in that folder. But manually it's better to do that. Just locate all configuration files and copy it in safe place.