Jharkhand

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Jharkhand
Ranchi Location of Jharkhand in India
Country	India
District(s)	24
Established	1 November 2000
Capital	Ranchi
Largest city	Jamshedpur
Governor	Syed Sibtey Razi
Chief Minister	President's Rule
Legislature (seats)	Unicameral (81)
Population • Density	26,909,428 (13th) • 360 /km2 (932 /sq mi)
Language(s)	Hindi, Santali
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Area	74,677 km² (28,833 sq mi)
ISO 3166-2	IN-JH
Website	jharkhand.nic.in
Seal of Jharkhand

Coordinates: 23°21′N 85°20′E / 23.35°N 85.33°E / 23.35; 85.33

Jharkhand (Hindi: झारखंड, pronounced [dʐʱaːɽkʰəɳɖ]( listen)) is a state in eastern India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar state on 15 November 2000. Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Orissa to the south, and West Bengal to the east. An area of 28,833 sq mi (74,677 km²). Indian cricket team captain M S Dhoni belongs to Jharkhand.

The industrial city of Ranchi is its capital. Some of the other major cities and industrial centers are Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, Bokaro, Sindri, Deoghar, Hazaribagh.

The name "Jharkhand" comes from the Sanskrit word Jharikhanda, which is the ancient name of the region's dense forest.

History

This article may contain original research or unverified claims. Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (October 2008)

Birsa Munda Statue at Naya More, Bokaro Steel City

According to some historians, there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the period of Magadha Empire. The good tribal rulers continued to thrive and were known as the Munda Rajas, and exist to this day.^{[citation needed]} (These are regions which are still semi-autonomous, the degree of autonomy depending on the size of each specific Munda Raja's domain.) Later, during the Mughal period, the Jharkhand area was known as Kukara.

British Rule

After the year 1765, it came under the control of the British Empire and became formally known under its present title, "Jharkhand" - the Land of "Jungles" (forests) and "Jharis" (bushes). Located on Chhota Nagpur Plateau and Santhal Parganas, has evergreen forests, rolling hills and rocky plateaus with many places of keen beauty like Lodh Falls.

The subjugation and colonization of Jharkhand region by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people. Almost one hundred years before India’s First War of Independence (1857), adivasis of Jharkhand were already beginning what would become a series of repeated revolts against the British colonial rule:

The period of revolts of the Adivasis to protect their Jharkhand land took place from 1771 to 1900 AD. The first ever revolt against the landlords and the British government was led by Tilka Manjhi, a valiant Santhal leader in Santal tribal belt in 1771. He wanted to liberate his people from the clutches of the unscrupulous landlords and restore the lands of their ancestors. The British government sent its troops and crushed the uprisings of Tilka Manjhi. Soon after in 1779, the Bhumij tribes rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum, now in West Bengal. This was followed by the Chero tribes unrest in Palamau. They revolted against the British Rule in 1800 AD. Hardly seven years later in 1807, the Oraons in Barway murdered their big landlord of Srinagar west of Gumla. Soon the uprisings spread around Gumla. The tribal uprisings spread eastward to neighbouring Tamar areas of the Munda tribes. They too rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813. The Hos in Singhbhum were growing restless and came out in open revolt in 1820 and fought against the landlords and the British troops for two years. This is called the Larka Kol Risings 1820-1821. Then came the great Kol Risings of 1832. This was the first biggest tribal revolt that greatly upset the British administration in Jharkhand. It was caused by an attempt of the Zamindars to oust the tribal peasants from their hereditary possessions. The Santhal insurrection broke out in 1855 under the leadership of two brothers Sidhu and Kanhu. They fought bitterly against the British troops but finally they too were crashed down.

Then Birsa Munda revolt broke out in 1895 and lasted till 1900. The revolt though mainly concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada and Bandgaon, pulled its supporters from Oraon belt of Lohardaga, Sisai and even Barway. It was the longest and the greatest tribal revolt in Jharkhand. It was also the last tribal revolt in Jharkhand.

All of these uprisings were quelled by the British through massive deployment of troops across the region.

The 20th century Jharkhand movement may also be seen as moderate movement as compared to the bloody revolts of the 19th century. Having the Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act 1908 to protect their lands, the tribal leaders now turned to socio-economic development of the people. In 1914 Jatra Oraon started what is called the Tana Movement. Later this movement joined the Satyagrah Movement of Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 and stopped giving land tax to the Government. In 1915 the Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj was started for the socio-economic development of the tribals. This organisation had also political objectives in mind. When the Simon Commission in 1928 came to Patna the Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj sent its delegation and placed its demand for a separate Jharkhand State for self-rule by the tribals. The Simon Commission however did not accede to the demand for a separate Jharkhand State. Thereafter Theble Oraon organised Kishan Sabha in 1931. In 1935 the Chotanagpur Unnati Samaj and the Kishan Sabha were merged with a view to acquire political power subsequently.

In 1938, Jaipal Singh, an Indian Hockey captain and Olympian,educated in Oxford ,raised the demand a separate Tribal Homeland comprising of 26 districts of four states of India Bihar,West Bengal,Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. Jaipal Singh was a Munda from Chhotanagpur, the forested plateau peopled by numerous tribes all more or less distinct from caste Hindu society.He formed an "Adivasi Mahasabha" in 1938 which asked for a separate state of Jharkhand to be carved out of four states.To the tribals of Chhotanagpur, he was "Marang Gomke" or Great Leader.After the independence of the country, the Adivasi Mahasabha was given the name of Jharkhand Party. Jaipal Singh died in 1964 and the movement he sparked off did not achieve "Greater Jharkhand" comprising of all the 26 districts of four states.However,on 2 August 2000 Parliament of India passed the Bihar Reorganisation Bill to create the state of Jharkhand, carving 18 districts out of Bihar to form Jharkhand state on 15 November 2000. It became the 28th state of India.

India Independence

For almost six decades the movement had been changing colour and strategy to gain a foothold. Gradually, the Jharkhand Party grew politically stronger but the various Commissions examining the demands for a separate Jharkhand State rejected it one after another. In August 1947 the Thakkar Commission rejected it saying that it would not be beneficial for the Adivasis. In 1948 Dar Commission also examined the demand for a separate Jharkhand state but rejected it on linguistic grounds. Despite these reports of these Commissions going negative in nature, Jharkhand Party never lost sight of its ultimate target – a separate state of Jharkhand. Jharkhand Party contested the 1952 elections with a declared aim of strengthening the demand of an Tribal Homeland and won 32 seats in the Bihar Assembly. In the second General Election in 1957 too Jharkhand Party won 32 seats and for two terms the party remained the leading opposition party. In 1955 the Report of the State Reorganisation Commission came out. Here too the demand for a separate Jharkhand state was rejected. In the third general election in 1962 the party could win only 23 seats in the Bihar Assembly. Personal interests of the Jharkhand leaders started playing upper hands. The following year Jharkhand Party aligned with Congress and Jaipal Sigh became a minister in Vinodanand Jha's government.With this the demand for the Tribal Homeland was put into cold storage for nearly a decade.

In the 4th General Election held in 1967 the party had a very poor show. It could win only 8 seats. The party was soon split into several splinter groups each claiming to be the genuine Jharkhand party. These were All India Jharkhand Party of Bagun Sumroi, Jharkhand Party of N.E. Horo, Hul Jharkhand Party of Justin Richard which further got fragmented and was called Bihar Progressive Hul Jharkhand Party led by Sibu Soren. The movement was infused with a new radicalism when Santhal leader Shibu Soren formed the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) in league with Marxist co-ordination Committee in 1972. In the early years JMM under Soren's leadership , brought industrial and mining workers mainly non-tribals belonging to Dalit and Backward communities such as Surdis, Doms, Dusadh and Kurmi-Mahtos, into its fold. However Soren's association with the late congress MP Gyanranjan brought him close to then prime minister Indira Gandhi in New Delhi. He won the dumka Lok Sabha seat in 1972.Irked by Soren's association with the Congress some young Turks in the JMM banded together in Jamshedpur and set up the All Jharkhand Students' Union(AJSU).This did nothing to stunt the growth of JMM in the 1991 Lok Sabha election,JMM for the first time won six seats. However,the movement went nowhere near till 1986.

That year another foreign educated scholar emerged Ram Dayal Munda, who reignited the movement by unifying splinter groups among the tribals. Under his guidance the Jharkahnd Coordination Committee was constituted in June 1987 ,comprising 48 organizations and group including the JMM factions.Due to Munda,Soren,Mandal and AJSU leaders like Surya Singh Besra and Prabhakar Tirkey briefly shared a political platform.But the JMM pulled out of JCC as it felt that 'the collective leadership was a farce'.The JMM/AJSU and JPP successfully orchestrated badhs,economic blockades in 1988-89. In the interim BJP came out with its demand for a separate "Vananchal" state comprising 18 districts of Bihar,arguing that demand for a greater Jharkhand in 'not practical'.

In response, Buta Singh, the then Home minister, asked Ram Dayal Munda, the then Ranchi University vice chancellor , to prepare a report on Jharkhand.Munda handed his report in September 1988 , advising the Home Ministry to grant 'autonomy' to 'Greater Jharkhand'.In August 1989, the Union Home Ministry formed a committee on Jharkhand Matters(CoJM)to look into the issue.In September 1989 the COJM submitted its report proposing the alternatives the formation of a greater Jharkhand,a Union Territory or a Jharkhand general council.In 1995 the Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council(JAAC) was set up after a tripartite agreement was signed by the Union government represented by the then minister of State for Home Rajesh Pilot,the Bihar government represented by the then chief minister Lalu Prasad Yadav and Jharkhand leaders like Soren,Munda,Mandal,Besra and Tirkey.Horo did not sign this agreement.He dubbed the JAAC as the 'fraud' and stuck to his demand for Tribal Homeland.So did the AJSU and JPP.

In July 1997, Shibu Soren offered support to minority government of Laloo Prasad Yadav with a condition of a separate Jharkhand bill in the assembly.On 2 August 2000,the bill to create a separate state of Jharkhand to be carved out of Bihar was passed in Lok Sabha by voice with two key allies of ruling NDA strongly opposing the measure and the opposition Rashtriya Janta Dal and the CPI-M demanding it to be referred to a parliamentary committee. The long cherished demand of people of the region was fulfilled, the celebration was on through out the Jharkhand region.On August 11,the Parliament approved the formation of Jharkhand when the Rajya Sabha passed the Bihar reorganisation bill 2000 by voice - vote to carve out the new state out of Bihar's northern region.On August 25,the then President Mr. K.R. Narayanan approved the Bihar reorganisation bill 2000.On 12 October 2000,the Center issued the gazette notification starting November 15 to be the appointed date for the formation of new Jharkhand Government.

The state of Jharkhand became a functioning reality on November 15, 2000 after almost half a century of people's movements around Jharkhandi identity, which disadvantaged societal groups articulated in order to augment political resources and influence the policy process in their favour. The Jharkhandi identity and the demand for autonomy was not premised solely on the uniqueness of its tribal cultural heritage, but was essentially a fallout of the failure of development policy to intervene in socio-economic conditions of both the adivasis and non-adivasis in the region.

Hence, even at present, the dynamics of resources and the politics of development largely influence the socio-economic structures in Jharkhand, which has been carved out of the relatively 'backward' southern part of undivided Bihar. According to the 1991 census, the state has a population of over twenty million out of which 28% is tribal while 12% of the people belong to scheduled castes. Jharkhand has 24 districts, 211 blocks and 32, 620 villages out of which only 45% are electrified while only 8,484 are connected by roads. Jharkhand is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the country, endowed as it is with vast variety of minerals like iron ore,coal, copper ore, mica, bauxite, graphite, limestone, and uranium. Jharkhand is also known for its vast forest resources.

This paradoxical development profile of Jharkhand is combined with the fact that distortions in distribution and access to resources have made little difference to lives of ordinary people. However, the people of the region are politically mobilized and self-conscious and are actively seeking better bargains for the state. The people in Jharkhand have the advantage of being culturally vibrant, as reflected in the diversity of languages spoken, festivals celebrated, and variety of folk music, dances, and other traditions of performing arts in the region.

Geography and climate

Most of the state lies on the Chota Nagpur Plateau, which is the source of the Koel, Damodar, Brahmani, Kharkai, and Subarnarekha rivers, whose upper watersheds lie within Jharkhand. Much of the state is still covered by forest. Forest preserves support populations of tigers and Asian Elephants.

Soil content of Jharkhand state mainly consist of soil formed from disintegration of rocks and stones, and soil composition is further divided into:

1. Red soil, found mostly in the Damodar valley, and Rajmahal area
2. Micacious soil (containing particles of mica), found in Koderma, Jhumeritilaiya, Barkagaon, and areas around the Mandar hill
3. Sandy soil, generally found in Hazaribagh and Dhanbad
4. Black soil, found in Rajmahal area
5. Laterite soil, found in western part of Ranchi, Palamu, and parts of Santhal Parganas and Singhbhum

Flora and fauna

Jharkhand has a rich variety of flora and fauna. The National Parks and the Zoological Gardens located in the state of Jharkhand present a panorama of this variety.

Betla National Park in the Palamu district, located 25 km away from Daltonganj, covers an area of about 250 km² (96.5 sq mi). The national park has a large variety of wildlife, includingtigers, elephants, bisons (which are locally known as gaurs), sambhars, wild boar, and pythons (up to 20 feet (6.1 m)long), spotted deers (chitals), rabbits and foxes. The mammalian fauna to be seen at Betla National Park also include langurs, rhesus monkeys, blue bulls and wild boars. The lesser mammals are the porcupines, hares, wild cats, honey badgers, jackals, Malabar giant squirrels, mongooses, wolves, antelopes etc. In 1974, the park was declared a Project Tiger Reserve.

Part of the reason for the variety and diversity of flora and fauna found in Jharkhand state may be accredited to the Palamau Tiger Reserves under the Project Tiger. This reserve is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna, ^[1] as indicated within brackets: mammals (39), snakes (8), lizards (4), fish (6), insects (21), birds (170), seed bearing plants and tress (97), shrubs and herbs (46), climbers, parasites and semi-parasites (25), and grasses and bamboos (17).

The Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary, with scenic beauties, 135 km (84 mi) away from Ranchi, is set in an ecosystem very similar to Betla National Park of Palamu.

Jawahar Lal Nehru Zoological Garden in Bokaro Steel City is the biggest Zoological Garden in Jharkhand. It has many animal and bird species, spread over 200 acres, including an artificial waterpark with boating facilities. Another zoo is also located about 16 km from Ranchi, and a number of mammalian fauna have been collected there for visitors.

Cuisine

Since the state is populated by people from all over India, food that's found in the state is varied. Native inhabitants have a cuisine in which spices are rarely used and rice is the staple. The usual cooking method is boiling. Meat is often roasted, wrapped in leaves, and covered with soil or ash under the fire.

Local alcoholic drinks include rice wine, originally known asHandiya, named after the vessel (earthen pot) used to make it. Another common liquor is called Mahu, made from a fruit, found mainly in Jharkhand which has the same name.

There are many foods that are a part of the traditional cuisine that are also known for their medicinal values, like Kurthi, which is used like a kind of pulses and is considered a cure for kidney stones. Fruits such as Jackfruit, Blackbery, Mango, and Litchi are found in abundance.

Demographics

Jharkhand has a population of 26.93 million, consisting of 13.88 million males and 13.08 million females. The sex ratio is 941 females to 1000 males. The population consists of 28% tribals, 12% Scheduled Castes and 60% others. The population density of the state is 274 persons per square kilometer of land, However, it varies from as low as 148 per square kilometer in Gumla district to as high as 1167 per square kilometer in Dhanbad district. Around 10% of the population is Bengali speaking and 70% speak various dialects of Hindi. [5]

Jharkhand has 32 tribal groups. These are the Asur, Baiga, Banjara, Bathudi, Bedia, Binjhia, Birhor, Birjia, Chero, Chick-Baraik, Gond, Gorait, Ho, Karmali, Kharwar, Khond, Kisan, Kora, Korwa, Lohra, Mahli, Mal-Paharia, Munda, Oraon, Parhaiya, Santal, Sauria-Paharia, Savar, Bhumij, Kol and Kanwar. In some of the districts of Jharkhand, the tribal population is predominate.

The geographical area now comprising Jharkhand was previously part of Bihar. The area has witnessed migration of people from the adjoining areas of Bihar and West Bengal for last several decades. Industrial and mining centres like Jamshedpur, Dhanbad and Ranchi have attracted people from all parts of India. Jharkhand's poverty rate, while still high by Indian standards, has declined by 2% per year between the period of 1994-2002.

Hinduism is the majority religion in the state, with 68.5% of the population practicing the faith. Islam is followed by 13.8% of the population and the Animisitic Sarna religion is practiced by 13% of the population. Christianity with 4.1% of the population is the fourth largest religious community in Jharkhand. Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism are all practiced making few less than 1%. [6]

Economy

Jharkhand's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $14 billion at current prices. Born out of partition from old Bihar state in 2000, Jharkhand produces about 70% of the output of the old Bihar state. Since it is rich in minerals, the state per capita income is likely to increase in the coming years.

Jharkhand has a concentration of some of the country’s highly industrialized cities such as Jamshedpur, Ranchi, Bokaro Steel City and Dhanbad. It also has several firsts in India, including:

• Largest fertilizer factory of its time in India (since shut down) at Sindri
• First Iron & steel factory at Jamshedpur
• Largest Steel plant in Asia, Bokaro steel plant,Bokaro.
• Biggest explosives factory at Gomia, Bokaro.
• First methane gas well at Parbatpur, Bokaro.

It has several towns and innumerable villages with civic amenities. Urbanization ratio is 42.25% and the per capita annual income is US$ 1,490.

Jharkhand also has immense mineral resources: minerals ranging from (ranking in the country within bracket) from iron ore (1st), coal (3rd), copper ore (1st), mica (1st), bauxite (3rd), Manganese, limestone, china clay, fire clay, graphite (8th), kainite (1st), chromite (2nd), asbestos (1st), thorium (3rd), sillimanite, uranium (Jaduguda mines, Narwa Pahar) (1st) and even gold (Rakha mines) (6th) and silver and several other minerals. Large deposits of coal and iron ore support concentration of industry, in centers like Jamshedpur, Bokaro and Ranchi. Tata Steel, a S&P CNX 500 conglomerate has its corporate office in Jharkhand. It reported a gross income of Rs.204,910 million for 2005.^{[citation needed]}

Government and politics

The state is headed by a Governor, who is appointed by the President of India. However, the real executive power rests with the Chief Minister and the cabinet. The political party or the coalition of political parties having majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the Government.

The administrative head of the State is called Chief Secretary, under whose jurisdiction a hierarchy of officials drawn from the Indian Administrative Service / State Civil Services function.

The judiciary is headed by a Chief Justice and Jharkhand has a separate High Court, located in Ranchi.

Jharkand is one of the thirteen states in which the Naxalite rebels have considerable influence.

On 5 March 2007, Sunil Mahato, a member of the national parliament was shot dead by Naxalite rebels while watching a football match on the Hindu festival of Holi near Kishanpur, some 160 km (100 miles) east of state capital, Ranchi. [7] Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) candidate Mrs Suman Mahato, wife of slain JMM MP Sunil Mahato, won the Jamshedpur Lok Sabha by-poll in Sep 2007. Mrs Mahato defeated her nearest rival Dr Dinesh Sarangi of the BJP by a margin of 58,816 votes.

Chief Ministers of Jharkhand

Ministry

The Centre imposed President's rule in Jharkhand on 19 Jan 2009, when JMM chief Shibu Soren resigned as CM after he lost the Tamar Assembly by-election to Jharkhand Party candidate Gopal Krishna Patar (alias Raja Peter) by more than 9,200 votes. The president's rule followed the Union cabinet's recommendation based on Jharkhand governor Syed Sibtey Razi's report to the Centre. Razi wrote that following the resignation of Soren as CM on January 12, no political alliance was in a position to form an alternative government.

Administrative districts

The state was formed with 18 districts, which were formerly part of south Bihar. Some of these districts were reorganized to form 6 new districts, namely, Latehar, Saraikela Kharsawan, Jamtara, Sahebgunj, Khunti and Ramgarh. Presently, the state has 24 districts: Ranchi, Lohardaga, Gumla, Simdega, Palamu, Latehar, Garhwa, West Singhbhum, Seraikela Kharsawan, East Singhbhum, Dumka, Jamtara, Sahebganj, Pakur, Godda, Hazaribagh, Chatra, Koderma, Giridih, Dhanbad, Bokaro, Deoghar, Khunti and Ramgarh.

Largest cities in Jharkhand (2001 Census of India estimate)[3]
Rank	City	District	Population	Rank	City	District	Population	Ranchi
01	Jamshedpur	East Singbhum	1,104,713	06	Hazaribag	Hazaribag	135,473
02	Dhanbad	Dhanbad	1,065,327	07	Deoghar	Deoghar	112,525
03	Ranchi	Ranchi	863,497	08	Ramgarh	Ramgarh	110,496
04	Bokaro Steel City	Bokaro	648,978	09	Chirkunda	Dhanbad	106,227
05	Phusro	Bokaro	174,402	10	Giridih	Giridih	105,634

Language, literature & culture

The people of Jharkhand speak a number of languages belonging to three major language families: the Munda languages which include Santhali, Mundari, Ho, Kharia, Bhumij and Kurmali; the Dravidian languages which include Oraon (Kurukh), Korwa, and Paharia (Malto) and the Indo-Aryan languages which include Nagpuri, Sadri, Khortha, Hindi, Urdu, Oriya and Bengali. A fair part of the state population speaks Oriya and Bengali or a blend of Oriya and Bengali.

Naxal insurgency

Jharkand has been at the center of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency. Since the uprising of the Naxalites in 1967, 6,000 people have been killed in fighting between the Naxalites and counter-insurgency operations by the Indian Army, and its paramilitary groups such as the "Salwa Judum."^[4]

Despite having a presence in almost 40% of India's geographical area^[5] (home to 20% of India's population), the state of Jharkand is part of the "Naxal Belt" comprising 92,000 square kilometers^[6], where the highest concentrations of the groups estimated 20,000 combatants^[7] fight. Part of this is due to the fact that the state harbors a rich abundance of natural resource, while its people live in abject poverty and destitution^[8]. The impoverished state provides ample recruits for the communist insurgents, who argue that they are fighting on behalf of the landless poor that see few benefits from the resource extractions^[9]. As the federal government holds a monopoly on sub-surface resources in the state, the tribal population is prevented from staking any claim on the resources extracted from their land^[10]. In response, the insurgents have recently begun a campaign of targeting infrastructure related to the extraction of resources vital for Indian energy needs, such as coal.^[11]

In response to the growing influence of the insurgents, the Indian government has recently enacted a scheme by which free mobile phones would be handed out in exchange for villagers' cooperation with security forces - although intelligence officials express concern at the possibility of misinformation, and the difficulty in determining villagers from rebels ^[12]

Social infrastructure

Health

On account of salubrious climate, Jharkhand, particularly its capital Ranchi, has been like a health resort. As far back as 1918, facilities were set up for treatment of mentally challenged – Central Institute of Psychiatry[8], Ranchi.

In certain areas of Jharkhand, poverty and consequent malnutrition have given rise to diseases like tuberculosis (TB). In fact, TB has assumed epidemic proportions in certain areas of the state. For management and treatment of such diseases, organizations like Ramakrishna Mission through Ramakrishna Mission Tuberculosis Sanatorium[9] (set up in 1948), Ranchi, has been doing exemplary work, and supplementing the efforts of the Government and other agencies. Likewise, in the field of treatment of cancer, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur,[10] is rendering pioneering work. In the same way Bokaro General Hospital equipped with modern facilities for the treatment Cancer and heart related problems with capacity of 1100 beds one of the largest in eastern India.

Although several public and private health facilities are available in the state, overall infrastructure for dispensing health related services require improvements. An exception is the famous Tata Motors Hospital which is an example of a ISO 14001 and 18001 certified hospital with DNB teaching facilities.

Fluoride in groundwater presents a public health problem in Jharkhand. A recent survey led by the Birla Institue of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi in collaboration with UNICEF in the northwest districts of Palamau and Garhwa found fluoride levels above the drinking WHO drinking water guidelines ^[13]. Fluoride in drinking water leads to dental fluorosis, prevalent bone fractures, and skeletal fluorosis, an irreversible disabling condition ^[14][15]. Some work has focused on combating fluorosis through increased calcium intake by consuming local plants^[16]. Researchers at Princeton University and the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi are currently investigating defluoridation options, while performing an epidemiological survey to assess the extent of fluoride linked health problems and the impact of future interventions. ^[17][18]

Veterinary

Jharkhand has a diverse domestic animal population, including local and crossbred cattle, black bengal goat, chhotanagpuri sheep, murrah and local buffalo, broilers and ducks of many varieties. The state Veterinary department runs Veterinary Dispensaries located throughout Jharkhand and posts Touring Veterinary officers, Block Animal Husbandary Officers, Touring Veterinary officers (mobile), Assistant Poultry Officers and Veterinary Surgeons to support the agricultural industry.

The state has a Veterinary College located at Kanke, Ranchi.

Education

The literacy rate in Jharkhand is 59.6% (2007). Jharkhand has a network of government and privately run schools, although standards of teaching vary considerably from place to place, as also from school to school.

Jharkhand has made primary education so accessible that 95% of children ages 6–11 are enrolled in school as opposed to 56% in 1993-94, so this will likely improve literacy a great deal.

Schools

The medium of instruction in schools is Hindi/English with English/Hindi/Sanskrit/Urdu/Bangla/Oriya as second language. After 10 years of schooling, students can join 2 years of Intermediate course (or +2 courses) in Arts, Science and Commerce. This is followed by 3 years of degree courses (graduation)or 4 years of Engineering/Agriculture/Medicine degree. On May 2008, Jharkhand became the first in India to introduce free haircuts for poor students. 40,000 barbers will be employed with a monthly salary of 1000 rupees (25 US dollars) which will cost the state government 40 million rupees (1 million US dollars).^[19]

Universities

Institute Main Building, BIT Mesra

A number of non-technical colleges are located in bigger cities as well as in small towns. Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) offer popular 3 year diploma courses.

Jamshedpur is home of the Xavier Labour Relations Institute. Its PMIR programme is regarded best in the entire Asia-Pacific region and the institution is one of the top 10 management schools in India.^{[citation needed]}.

Jharkhand has 4 Universities: Ranchi University and Birsa Agricultural University at Ranchi, Sidhhu Kanhu University at Dumka and Vinoba Bhave University in Hazaribagh. Each of these has constituent and affiliated colleges located in other cities and towns, the best of which offer post-graduate and PhD programs.

Jharkhand has a number of engineering colleges: National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri, Dhanbad, Indian School of Mines University, Dhanbad, and the National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology (NIFFT).

There are three medical colleges in Jharkhand namely M.G.M Medical College at Jamshedpur, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) at Ranchi and Patliputra Medical College And Hospital (PMCH) at Dhanbad.

Xavier Institute of Social Service (XISS) at Ranchi is also well known for its Personnel management and Rural Development courses.

Sports

Hockey, football and cricket are popular games with the people of Jharkhand. Jharkhand has given some brilliant players like Jaipal Singh, a former Indian hockey captain and olympian and Vimal Lakra, currently playing for the Indian Hockey team and Mahendra Singh Dhoni. Jaipal Singh was the captain of the hockey team that won the first gold medal for India in Olympic games 1928 at Amsterdam.

Media

Electronic media ETV Bihar/Jharkhand broadcasts Jharkhand-related news on a popular program called Johar Jharkhand at 7:30 am and 7:30 pm.

Print media include the Hindi newspapers Prabhat Khabar, Hindustan and Dainik Jagran, published from the state capital, Ranchi and available in almost all parts of the state. English newspapers like Times of India and The Hindustan Times are published from Ranchi and are available across Jharkhand. Other important Indian newspapers in Hindi, English and local languages are also available in bigger cities by the afternoon and after a day’s delay in smaller towns. Most of the national magazines in Hindi and English are regularly available in bigger cities and at other places swhere supply may be arranged through newspaper vendors. The internet media like www.jharkhandmirror.com and www.newswings.com are also available.

Ranchi and Jamshedpur have around five radio stations and All India Radio is available throughout the state. In 2007, private FM Channels have also started operation in the state. Doordarshan, the national television broadcaster, is also available in almost all parts of the state. Bigger cities in Jharkhand are served by all television channels available in India and channels are received through cable. In some interior regions, channels are received via satellite dishes.

Landline telephone connectivity is provided by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), Tata Teleservices (TATA INDICOM) and Reliance Infocomm and covers almost all parts of the state. Cellular service, covering all major centres of the state, is provided by BSNL, Aircel, Idea, Vodafone, Reliance Telecom and Airtel (GSM Service) and also by Tata Indicom and Reliance Infocomm (CDMA Service). Internet connectivity is available in all of the districts.

References

• "Official State Website". http://www.jharkhand.nic.in/. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. 
• The World Bank publication on Jharkhand

External links

Jharkhand portal

• Jharkhand travel guide from Wikitravel
• Jharkhand State Government Official website
• Tourism guide of jharkhand state
• Jharkhand-Chamber (Business Unlimited)

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