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The Catcher in the Rye

 
Notes on Novels: The Catcher in the Rye
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Contents:

Author Biography
Plot Summary
Characters
Themes
Style
Historical Context
Critical Overview
Criticism
Sources
For Further Study


Although The Catcher in the Rye caused considerable controversy when it was first published in 1951, the book — the account of three disoriented days in the life of a troubled sixteen-year-old boy — was an instant hit. Within two weeks after its release, it was listed number one on The New York Times best-seller list, and it stayed there for thirty weeks. It remained immensely popular for many years, especially among teenagers and young adults, largely because of its fresh, brash style and anti-establishment attitudes — typical attributes of many people emerging from the physical and psychological turmoil of adolescence.

It also was the bane of many parents, who objected to the main character's obscene language, erratic behavior, and antisocial attitudes. Responding to the irate protests, numerous school and public libraries and bookstores removed the book from their shelves. Holden simply was not a good role model for the youth of the 1950s, in the view of many conservative adults. Said J. D. Salinger himself, in a rare published comment, "I'm aware that many of my friends will be saddened and shocked, or shock-saddened, over some of the chapters in The Catcher in the Rye. Some of my best friends are children. In fact, all my best friends are children. It's almost unbearable for me to realize that my book will be kept on a shelf out of their reach." The clamor over the book undoubtedly contributed to its popularity among the young: It became the forbidden fruit in the garden of literature.

For some reason — perhaps because of the swirling controversies over his written works — Salinger retreated from the New York literary scene in the 1960s to a bucolic New Hampshire community called Cornish, where he has lived a very private life and avidly avoided the press. Despite the fact that he has granted few interviews, there is a substantial body of critical and biographical works about Salinger and his all-too-brief list of literary creations.

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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Wikipedia
The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger  
Rye catcher.jpg
First edition cover
Author J.D. Salinger
Cover artist Michael Hakimian
Country United States
Language English
Genre(s) Novel
Publisher Little, Brown and Company
Publication date 1951
Media type Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages 276 pp
ISBN 0-316-76953-3
OCLC Number 287628

The Catcher in the Rye is a 1951 novel by J. D. Salinger. Originally published for adults,[1] the novel has become a common part of high school and college curricula throughout the English-speaking world[citation needed]; it has also been translated into almost all of the world's major languages.[2] Around 250,000 copies are sold each year, with total sales of more than sixty-five million.[3] The novel's antihero, Holden Caulfield, has become an icon for teenage rebellion .[4]

The novel was among the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005 as chosen by Time,[5] and named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. It has been frequently challenged[6][7][8] in the United States for its liberal use of profanity and portrayal of sexuality and teenage angst.

Contents

Writing style

The Catcher in the Rye is written in 1st person; written as if Holden himself had written it. There is flow in the seemingly disjointed ideas and episodes; for example, as Holden sits in a chair in his dorm, minor events such as picking up a book or looking at a table unfold into discussions about past experiences. Critical reviews agree that the novel accurately reflected the teenage colloquial speech of the time.[9]

Interpretations

Author Sarah Graham notes two connections to David Copperfield: David Copperfield is a famous example of a bildungsroman, a genre under which The Catcher in the Rye falls; and the character David Copperfield was born with a big caul.[10]

Holden is widely considered to be an unreliable narrator[11][12] because of his unstable perceptions, which allows for multiple interpretations of many events in the novel.[13]

Writer Bruce Brooks held that Holden's attitude remains unchanged at story's end, implying no maturation, thus differentiating the novel from young adult fiction.[14] In contrast, writer and academic Louis Menand thought that teachers assign the novel because of the optimistic ending, to teach adolescent readers that "alienation is just a phase."[15] While Brooks maintained that Holden acts his age, Menand claimed that Holden thinks as an adult, given his ability to accurately perceive people and their motives. Others highlight the dilemma of Holden's state in between adolescence and adulthood.[11][16] While Holden views himself to be smarter than and as mature as adults, he is quick to become emotional. "I felt sorry as hell for..." is a phrase he often uses.[11]

A recent discovery has shed light on the interpretation of Holden's immaturity. Peter Beidler, in A Reader's Companion to J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, is the first to identify the movie that the prostitute Sunny refers to in chapter 13 of The Catcher in the Rye. She says that in the movie a boy falls off a boat. The movie is Captains Courageous, starring Spencer Tracy. The reference is important because Sunny says that Holden looks like the boy who fell off the boat. Beidler shows (see p. 28) a still of the boy, played by child-actor Freddie Bartholomew. That shows that Sunny thinks Holden looks like a little boy, not the tough guy he is trying to be.

The death of his younger brother Allie was a catalyst for Holden's fear of change.[citation needed] Phoebe revolving on the carousel can be seen as a symbol for Holden's revelation that change does not always produce negative consequences[citation needed]. Whether this is understood determines the reader's interpretation of Holden's predicament in the final chapter.[17] For instance, the novel has been read as positing only a negative answer to the social problems it criticizes[citation needed], with its philosophy being negatively compared with that of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.[18]

Each Caulfield child has literary talent: D.B. writes screenplays in Hollywood; Holden passed his English course while failing everything else; Allie wrote poetry; and Phoebe is a diarist. Phoebe is particularly influential on Holden; her name denotes and derives from the Greek Phoibe—the Greek Titaness associated with the moon, suggesting she is oracle and catalyst for the boy who sees himself as the catcher in the rye at a cliff-side rye field where children play tag, whom he catches, and saves from themselves, when they stray too near the edge.[19] This "catcher in the rye" is an analogy for Holden, who admires in kids attributes he struggles to find in adults, like innocence, kindness, spontaneity and generosity. Falling off the cliff could be a progression into the adult world that surrounds him and that he strongly criticizes. Later, Phoebe and Holden exchange roles as the "catcher" and the "fallen"; he gives her his hunting hat, the catcher's symbol, and becomes the fallen as Phoebe becomes the catcher.[20]

Reception

The Catcher in the Rye has been listed as one of the best novels of the 20th century. For The New York Times, James Stern wrote a negative review of the book,[21] while Nash K. Burger called it "an unusually brilliant novel".[22] George H.W. Bush called it "a marvelous book," listing it among the books that have inspired him.[23] In June 2009, the BBC's Finlo Rohrer wrote that, 58 years since publication, the book is still regarded "as the defining work on what it is like to be a teenager. Holden is at various times disaffected, disgruntled, alienated, isolated, directionless, and sarcastic."[24]

Not all reception was positive, however. The book has had a share of critics. Rohrer writes that "Many of these readers are disappointed that the novel fails to meet the expectations generated by the mystique it is shrouded in. J. D. Salinger has done his part to enhance this mystique. That is to say, he has done nothing."[24] Rohrer assessed the reasons behind both the popularity and criticism of the book, saying that it "captures existential teenage angst" and has a "complex central character" and "accessible conversational style" — while at the same time some readers may dislike the "use of 1940s New York vernacular", "self-obsessed central character" and "too much whining".[24]

Controversy

In 1960 a teacher was fired for assigning the novel in class. He was later reinstated.[25] Between 1961 and 1982, The Catcher in the Rye was the most censored book in high schools and libraries in the United States.[26] In 1981, it was both the most censored book and the second most taught book in public schools in the United States.[27] According to the American Library Association, The Catcher in the Rye was the tenth most frequently challenged book from 1990–1999.[6] It was one of the ten most challenged books in 2005, and has been off the list since 2006.[28] The challenges generally begin with vulgar language, citing the novel's use of words like "fuck"[29] and "goddam",[30] with more general reasons including sexual references,[31] blasphemy, undermining of family values[30] and moral codes,[32] Holden's being a poor role model,[33] encouragement of rebellion,[34] and promotion of drinking, smoking, lying, and promiscuity.[32] Often, the challengers have been unfamiliar with the plot itself.[26] Shelley Keller-Gage, a high school teacher who faced objections after assigning the novel in her class, noted that the challengers "are being just like Holden ... They are trying to be catchers in the rye."[30] A reverse effect has been that this incident caused people to put themselves on the waiting list to borrow the novel, when there were none before.[35]

Mark David Chapman's shooting of John Lennon, John Hinckley, Jr.'s assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan, Robert John Bardo's shooting of Rebecca Schaeffer and other murders have also been associated with the novel.[36] [37]

In 2009, Salinger successfully sued to stop the U.S. publication of a novel that presents Holden Caulfield as an old man.[24][38] The organization QuestionCopyright.org accused Salinger of hypocrisy for being willing to censor another author's work. The novel's author, Fredrick Colting, commented, "call me an ignorant Swede, but the last thing I thought possible in the U.S. was that you banned books".[39] The issue is complicated by the nature of Colting's book, which has been compared to fan fiction.[40] Although commonly not authorized by writers, no legal action is usually taken against fan fiction since it is rarely published commercially and thus involves no profit. Colting, however, has published his book commercially. Unauthorized fan fiction on The Catcher in the Rye has existed on the Internet for years without any legal action taken by Salinger.[40]

Impact

Main article: Cultural references to the novel The Catcher in the Rye

References to The Catcher in the Rye in media and popular culture are numerous. Works inspired by The Catcher in the Rye have been said to form their own genre.[15] Dr. Sarah Graham assessed works influenced by The Catcher in the Rye to include the novels Less Than Zero by Bret Easton Ellis, A Complicated Kindness by Miriam Toews, The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath, and Judith Guest's Ordinary People. Graham also includes the films The Graduate, Dead Poets Society, Tadpole, Igby Goes Down, and Donnie Darko, and music by Green Day and The Offspring.[24] In the decade following its publication, there were more than 70 essays on the novel printed in American and British magazines.

Attempted film adaptations

Early in his career, J. D. Salinger expressed a willingness to have his work adapted for the screen.[41] However, in 1949, a critically panned film version of his short story "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut" was released; renamed My Foolish Heart and taking great liberties with Salinger's plot, the film is widely considered to be among the reasons that Salinger has refused to allow any subsequent movie adaptations of his work.[11][42] The enduring popularity of The Catcher in the Rye, however, has resulted in repeated attempts to secure the novel's screen rights.[43]

When The Catcher in the Rye was first released, many offers were made to adapt it for the screen; among them was Sam Goldwyn, producer of My Foolish Heart.[42] In a letter written in the early fifties, J. D. Salinger spoke of mounting a play in which he would play the role of Holden Caulfield opposite Margaret O'Brien, and, if he couldn’t play the part himself, to “forget about it." Almost fifty years later, the writer Joyce Maynard definitively concluded, "The only person who might ever have played Holden Caulfield would have been J. D. Salinger."[44]

J.D. Salinger told Maynard in the seventies that Jerry Lewis "tried for years to get his hands on the part of Holden,"[44] despite Lewis not having read the novel until he was in his thirties.[35] Celebrities ranging from Marlon Brando and Jack Nicholson to Tobey Maguire and Leonardo DiCaprio have since made efforts to make a film adaptation.[45] In an interview with Premiere magazine, John Cusack commented that his one regret about turning twenty-one was that he had become too old to play Holden Caulfield. Writer-director Billy Wilder recounted his abortive attempts to snare the novel's rights:

“ Of course I read The Catcher in the Rye....Wonderful book. I loved it. I pursued it. I wanted to make a picture out of it. And then one day a young man came to the office of Leland Hayward, my agent, in New York, and said, 'Please tell Mr. Leland Hayward to lay off. He’s very, very insensitive.' And he walked out. That was the entire speech. I never saw him. That was J. D. Salinger and that was Catcher in the Rye.[46] ”

In 1961, J. D. Salinger denied Elia Kazan permission to direct a stage adaptation of Catcher for Broadway.[47] More recently, Salinger's agents received bids for the Catcher movie rights from Harvey Weinstein and Steven Spielberg,[48] neither of which was even passed on to J. D. Salinger for consideration.

In 2003, the BBC television program The Big Read featured The Catcher in the Rye, intercutting discussions of the novel with "a series of short films that featured an actor playing J. D. Salinger's adolescent antihero, Holden Caulfield."[47] The show defended its unlicensed adaptation of the novel by claiming to be a "literary review," and no major charges were filed.

According to a speculative article in The Guardian in May 2006, there are rumors that director Terrence Malick has been linked to a possible screen adaptation of the novel.[49]

Notes

  1. ^ Michael Cart (2000-11-15). "Famous Firsts. (young-adult literature)". Booklist. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28671475_ITM. Retrieved 2007-12-20. 
  2. ^ Magill, Frank N. (1991). "J. D. Salinger". Magill's Survey of American Literature. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. pp. 1803. ISBN 1-85435-437-X. 
  3. ^ According to List of best-selling books. An earlier article says more than twenty million: Jonathan Yardley (2004-10-19). "J. D. Salinger's Holden Caulfield, Aging Gracelessly". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43680-2004Oct18.html. Retrieved 2007-01-21. 
  4. ^ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Allusions By Elizabeth Webber, Mike Feinsilber p.105
  5. ^ Grossman, Lev; Richard Lacayo (2005). "All-Time 150 Novels: The Complete List". Time. http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/the_complete_list.html. 
  6. ^ a b "The 100 most frequently challenged books: 1990–1999". American Library Association. http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/banned/frequentlychallenged/challengedbydecade/1990_1999/index.cfm. Retrieved 2009-08-13. 
  7. ^ List of most commonly challenged books from the list of the one hundred most important books of the 20th century by Radcliffe Publishing Course
  8. ^ Jeff Guinn (2001-08-10). "'Catcher in the Rye' still influences 50 years later" (fee required). Erie Times-News. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ET&p_theme=et&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EDCAD301800C85B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D. Retrieved 2007-12-18.  Alternate URL
  9. ^ Donald P. Costello (October 1959). "The Language of 'The Catcher in the Rye'". American Speech 34 (3): 172–181. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1283(195910)34%3A3%3C172%3ATLO'CI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4. Retrieved 2007-12-20. "Most critics who looked at The Catcher in the Rye at the time of its publication thought that its language was a true and authentic rendering of teenage colloquial speech.". 
  10. ^ Graham, 20.
  11. ^ a b c d Katrina Onstad (2008-02-22). "Beholden to Holden". CBC News. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/film/bartlett.html. 
  12. ^ Timothy May (1997-05-06). "A liberal says students should wait on Catcher in the Rye" (fee required). The Cincinnati Post. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67901764.html. Retrieved 2008-02-19. 
    Mike Littwin (2001-07-17). "Caulfield of Catcher still talks to teen-age angst" (fee required boring). Denver Rocky Mountain News. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-76595331.html. Retrieved 2008-02-19. 
  13. ^ Graham, 28.
  14. ^ Bruce Brooks (2004-05-01). "Holden at sixteen". Horn Book Magazine. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-21384266_ITM. Retrieved 2007-12-19. 
  15. ^ a b Louis Menand (2001-09-27). "Holden at fifty". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/10/01/011001fa_FACT3?currentPage=all. Retrieved 2007-12-19. 
  16. ^ Graham, 33.
  17. ^ Graham, 33–4.
  18. ^ Carl F. Strauch (Winter 1961). "Kings in the Back Row: Meaning through Structure. A Reading of J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye". Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature 2 (1): 5–30. doi:10.2307/1207365. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0146-4949%28196124%292%3A1%3C5%3AKITBRM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage. Retrieved 2007-12-22. 
  19. ^ Margaret Dumais Svogun (Winter 2003). "J.D. Salinger's THE CATCHER IN THE RYE". Explicator 2 (2): pp. 110-113. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=9553015&site=ehost-live. Retrieved 2008-02-26. 
  20. ^ Yasuhiro Takeuchi (Fall 2002). "The Burning Carousel and the Carnivalesque: Subversion and Transcendence at the Close of The Catcher in the Rye". Studies in the Novel 34 (3): pp. 320-337. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=7592838&site=ehost-live. Retrieved 2008-02-26. 
  21. ^ James Stern (1951-07-15). "Rand-rye01.html Aw, the World's a Crumby Place". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/13/specials/Ayn Rand-rye01.html. Retrieved 2009-03-18. 
  22. ^ Nash K. Burger (1951-07-16). "Rand-rye02.html Books of The Times". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/13/specials/Ayn Rand-rye02.html. Retrieved 2009-03-18. 
  23. ^ "Academy of Achievement - George H. W. Bush". The American Academy of Achievement -. http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/bus0int-1. Retrieved 2009-06-05. 
  24. ^ a b c d e Rohrer, Finlo (June 5, 2009). "The why of the Rye". BBC News Magazine. BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8084931.stm. Retrieved 2009-06-05. 
  25. ^ Fernando Dutra (2006-09-25). "U. Connecticut: Banned Book Week celebrates freedom". The America's Intelligence Wire. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-18592168_ITM. Retrieved 2007-12-20. "In 1960 a teacher in Tulsa, Okla., was fired for assigning "Catcher in the Rye." After appealing, the teacher was reinstated, but the book was removed from the itinerary in the school." 
  26. ^ a b "In Cold Fear: 'The Catcher in the Rye', Censorship, Controversies and Postwar American Character. (Book Review)". Modern Language Review. 2003-04-01. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-4139523_ITM. Retrieved 2007-12-19. 
  27. ^ Sylvia Andrychuk (2004-02-17). "A History of J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye" (PDF). pp. 6. http://www.slais.ubc.ca/courses/libr559f/03-04-wt2/projects/S_Andrychuk/Content/history_book_catcher.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-19. "During 1981, The Catcher in the Rye had the unusual distinction of being the most frequently censored book in the United States, and, at the same time, the second-most frequently taught novel in American public schools." 
  28. ^ "Top ten most frequently challenged books of 2006". American Library Association. http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/banned/frequentlychallenged/21stcenturychallenged/2006/index.cfm. Retrieved 2009-08-13. 
  29. ^ "Art or trash? It makes for endless, debate that cant be won". The Topeka Capital-Journal. 1997-10-06. http://www.cjonline.com/stories/100697/snider.html. Retrieved 2007-12-20. "Another perennial target, J.D. Salinger's "Catcher in the Rye," was challenged in Maine because of the "f" word." 
  30. ^ a b c Seth Mydans (1989-09-03). "In a Small Town, a Battle Over a Book". The New York Times: pp. 2. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE1D7103CF930A3575AC0A96F948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2. Retrieved 2007-12-20. 
  31. ^ Ben MacIntyre (2005-09-24). "The American banned list reveals a society with serious hang-ups". The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,923-1792974,00.html. Retrieved 2007-12-20. 
  32. ^ a b Helen Frangedis (November 1988). "Dealing with the Controversial Elements in The Catcher in the Rye". The English Journal 77 (7): 72–75. doi:10.2307/818945. http://www.jstor.org/stable/818945. Retrieved 2007-12-22. "The foremost allegation made against Catcher is... that it teaches loose moral codes; that it glorifies... drinking, smoking, lying, promiscuity, and more.". 
  33. ^ Anna Quindlen (1993-04-07). "Public & Private; The Breast Ban". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7DE123EF934A35757C0A965958260. Retrieved 2007-12-20. ""The Catcher in the Rye" is perennially banned because Holden Caulfield is said to be an unsuitable role model." 
  34. ^ Yilu Zhao (2003-08-31). "Banned, But Not Forgotten". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E2DF1438F932A0575BC0A9659C8B63. Retrieved 2007-12-20. "The Catcher in the Rye, interpreted by some as encouraging rebellion against authority..." 
  35. ^ a b Stephen Whitfield (December 1997). "Cherished and Cursed: Toward a Social History of The Catcher in the Rye". The New England Quarterly 70 (4): 567–600. doi:10.2307/366646. 
  36. ^ Linton Weeks (2000-09-10). "Telling on Dad". Amarillo Globe-News. http://www.amarillo.com/stories/091000/boo_tellingondad.shtml. Retrieved 2009-01-13. 
  37. ^ Aidan Doyle (2003-12-15). "When books kill". Salon.com. http://dir.salon.com/story/books/feature/2003/12/15/books_kill/index1.html. 
  38. ^ Doug Gross (2009-06-03). "Lawsuit targets 'rip-off' of 'Catcher in the Rye'". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/books/06/03/salinger.catcher.lawsuit/index.html. Retrieved 2009-06-03. 
  39. ^ Fogel, Karl. Looks like censorship, smells like censorship... maybe it IS censorship?. QuestionCopyright.org. 2009-07-07.
  40. ^ a b Sutherland, John. How fanfic took over the web London Evening Standard. Retrieved on 2009-07-22.
  41. ^ Hamilton, Ian (1988). In Search of J. D. Salinger. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-53468-9.  p. 75.
  42. ^ a b Berg, A. Scott. Goldwyn: A Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. ISBN 1-57322-723-4. p. 446.
  43. ^ See Dr. Peter Beidler's A Reader's Companion to J. D. Salinger's the Catcher in the Rye, Chapter 7.
  44. ^ a b Maynard, Joyce (1998). At Home in the World. New York: Picador. pp. 93. ISBN 0-312-19556-7.  p. 93.
  45. ^ "News & Features". IFILM: The Internet Movie Guide. 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-09-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20040906/vgn.ifilm.com/db/static_text/0,1699,5784,00.html. Retrieved 2007-04-05. 
  46. ^ Crowe, Cameron, ed. Conversations with Wilder. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999. ISBN 0-375-40660-3. p. 299.
  47. ^ a b McAllister, David (2003-11-11). "Will J. D. Salinger sue?". The Guardian. http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,6109,1082699,00.html. Retrieved 2007-04-12. 
  48. ^ "PAGE SIX; Inside J. D. Salinger's Own World". The New York Post.. 2003-12-04. http://entertainment.myway.com/celebgossip/pgsix/id/12_04_2003_1.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18. 
  49. ^ Ones that got away, guardian.co.uk Books

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