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What city fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 causing scholars to flee with ancient Greek and Roman manuscripts?
Wiki User
∙ 14y ago
The Greek scholars fled to Italy, where an interest in Greek learning had been stimulated by Greek scholars who had already settled there and had generated an interest in the ancient Greeks as well as the Romans among Italian humanists, which then became a feature of the Italian Renaissance. Ancient Greek manuscripts had been lost in Western Europe and Byzantine scholarship only became fully available in the west after the Council of Florence of 1438-39, which the Byzantine emperor attended to discuss a union of the Orthodox and Catholic churches. Some Greek scholars settled in Italy around this time and were later joined by learned Greek refugees. Gemistus Pletho lectured in Florence on the difference between Plato and Aristotle and reintroduced Plato to Western Europe. His lectures inspired Cosimo de' Medici to found the Accademia Platonica in Florence. George of Trebizon was summoned to Venice in 1430 or 1438. Theodorus Gaza he became professor of Greek in the newly founded University of Ferrara in 1447. Basilios Bessarion settled in Rome in 1438 and his residence became a centre for the study of Humanism and and Greek learning. It also acted as a centre for Greek scholars and refugees. He supported the commissioning of translations of Greek manuscripts into Latin.
They fled to Italy.
Wiki User
∙ 8y ago
Wiki User
∙ 8y agoThis question confuses the conquest of Constantinople with that of Jerusalem. It was Constantinople that the Ottoman Empire conquered in 1453, while Jerusalem was conquered by the Ottomans in 1517. When Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks, many Greeks fled and took Ancient Greek manuscripts to Italy where they further fueled the nascent Renaissance. Please see the below Community Answer for more details on this.
Wiki User
∙ 14y agoIn 1453, Constantinople (capital of the Byzantine Empire / Eastern Roman Empire) fell to the Turks.
Wiki User
∙ 8y agoThe Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, the Capital of the Byzantine Empire and the last territory this empire was left with in 1453.
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Did the ottoman empire join the central powers in World War 1?
The Ottomans did not join the Allies. They aligned with the Central Powers, Germany and Austria-Hungary. The Ottomans remained officially neutral for a few months after the war began, but had a secret treaty of alliance with Germany from August 1914. This was aimed at the common enemy, Russia. The Ottomans openly swung into the losing camp in late 1914, after the Goeben and Breslau incident. These were two large German warships which were in the Mediterranean when the war began, and they then headed for Turkey. The ships evaded Allied fleets searching for them, reached the Dardanelles, and entered Ottoman waters. They were "transferred" to the Turkish navy but continued to be crewed by Germans. The ships went on into the Black Sea, and in late October bombarded Russian cities, causing Russia to declare war on the Ottoman Empire on November 2, followed by France and England on November 5. There were five great, ancient empires which went into WWI, and only one emerged intact, though it took a few years after the war for the Ottomans to topple. Backing the losing side in the war made "Abdul the Damned" the last Sultan.
What are two factors that hastened the end of the Ottoman Empire?
There are numerous reasons for the decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire. Choose any two of the following reasons for the Ottoman Decline:Failure to Modernize: The leaders of the Ottoman Empire did not invest in modern technologies and did not take advantage of the Scientific Revolution in Europe and Enlightenment. Religious Authorities in the Ottoman Empire prevented modernization reforms. The Tanzimat Reforms that did come were too little too late. Additionally, Sunni Muslims had distinct privileges that non-Muslims (Jews and Christians) were not entitled to, leading to inequality and resentment. This led to stagnation in Ottoman development whereas the rest of Europe was advancing rapidly. Some individuals wanted to push for greater technological and social advancement, calling themselves the Jon Turkler (Young Turks). These people would ultimately lead the overthrow of the government and the establishment of the Turkish Republic.Ethnic Nationalism: Especially in the Balkans, but also to a limited degree elsewhere in the empire, people were swept up in the cause of nationalism. This happened especially among the Christian minorities of Southeastern Europe because of the inequalities they faced. The Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Romanians all declared independence and fought the Ottoman Armies to gain that independence. This led to a large decrease in Ottoman territory and a drain on the Ottoman Army and Janissary Recruitment. There were also bitter fights between these newly independent states, especially between Greece and Bulgaria over who would get to claim regions still under Ottoman control like Thrace and Macedonia.Economic and Military Pressures: This period was also notable for Austrian and Russian Imperialism which led to numerous wars between those two empires and the Ottoman Empire. These were incredibly draining on the Ottoman treasury and exhausting for the Ottoman Army. The Ottoman Empire racked up incredible debts to continue arming themselves with hand-me-down weapons from Western countries. The over-expansion of the Ottoman Empire in World War I ended up destroying the country.Religious Opposition to Changes: Many political reforms that the Ottomans tried to implement were done to increase the secularization of the Turkish States, as a result, the Muslim clergy, which had historically had a large role in governance had their political roles threatened. They rose to defend their interests in maintaining political power. Additionally, the clergy lamented that the focus of education would now be to learn secular knowledge and sciences as opposed to religious education. These clerics feared that a whole new generation of Muslims would grow up without their religion or with a minimal understanding of it. They saw what modernization had done to religiousity in Europe and wished to prevent this.Foreign Imperialism: Britain, France, Italy, and Russia greatly desired to control lands that had historically been Ottoman Territories. As a result, they fought numerous wars against the Ottomans to acquire these choice territories. In addition to causing the massive expenditures on military development as mentioned above, they also caused the Ottoman Empire to lose some of its most profitable and populous areas, like Egypt, Libya, and Crimea.
Why did the ottoman empire lose control of the middle east after 1917?
The Ottoman Empire of the 1700s and 1800s failed to embrace progress, understand nationalism, or modernize. This led to their inability to compete with European powers. The Ottoman Empire was incredibly conservative and attempts at progress (the Tanzimat Reforms) were crushed by the Islamic Establishment like the Caliphs and Mullahs. The Young Turks, a secular movement in the Ottoman Empire proposing reforms, was only able to take control when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk overthrew the Ottoman Imperial Government through coup d'état.
Which factor played a major role in the decline of the ottoman empire?
European countries began finding trade routes to Asia that avoided Ottoman territory
Why did the Ottoman Empire collapsed?
Mustafa Kemal Pasha - the founder of Modern Turkey, and his followers' ideas were spread enough to convince the people that the Sultan's and/or caliphate's presence was danger to the freedom of the people - considering the empire was occupied by many European armies and Sultan was unable to generate solutions.
What physical features did the Ancient Greeks have?
Greece had many mountains and rivers that kept them apart, causing them to have city-states
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Who was the ancient god who imprisoned giants beneath the earth for causing earthquakes?
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What happens to the people that loses in the ancient olympic games?
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Strengths of Charlemagne?
Charlemagne was a shrewd military strategist, and a strong leader. He was responsible for causing education and learning to be stressed. Scholars from many countries came to take advantage of his royal benevolence. Depending on what the relationship was, Charlemagne could either be amazingly benevolent or incredibly cruel.
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Which volcano errupted in AD79 in pompeii?
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What led to the disintegration of of the Ottoman Empire?
There are numerous reasons for the decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire. The five most important reasons are the following:Failure to Modernize: The leaders of the Ottoman Empire did not invest in modern technologies and did not take advantage of the Scientific Revolution in Europe and Enlightenment. Religious Authorities in the Ottoman Empire prevented modernization reforms. The Tanzimat Reforms that did come were too little too late. Additionally, Sunni Muslims had distinct privileges that non-Muslims (Jews and Christians) were not entitled to, leading to inequality and resentment. This led to stagnation in Ottoman development whereas the rest of Europe was advancing rapidly. Some individuals wanted to push for greater technological and social advancement, calling themselves the Jön Türkler (Young Turks). These people would ultimately lead the overthrow of the government and the establishment of the Turkish Republic.Ethnic Nationalism: Especially in the Balkans, but also to a limited degree elsewhere in the empire, people were swept up in the cause of nationalism. This happened especially among the Christian minorities of Southeastern Europe because of the inequalities they faced. The Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Romanians all declared independence and fought the Ottoman Armies to gain that independence. This led to a large decrease in Ottoman territory and a drain on the Ottoman Army and Janissary Recruitment. There were also bitter fights between these newly independent states, especially between Greece and Bulgaria over who would get to claim regions still under Ottoman control like Thrace and Macedonia.Economic and Military Pressures: This period was also notable for Austrian and Russian Imperialism which led to numerous wars between those two empires and the Ottoman Empire. These were incredibly draining on the Ottoman treasury and exhausting for the Ottoman Army. The Ottoman Empire racked up incredible debts to continue arming themselves with hand-me-down weapons from Western countries. The over-expansion of the Ottoman Empire in World War I ended up destroying the country.Religious Opposition to Changes: Many political reforms that the Ottomans tried to implement were done to increase the secularization of the Turkish States, as a result, the Muslim clergy, which had historically had a large role in governance had their political roles threatened. They rose to defend their interests in maintaining political power. Additionally, the clergy lamented that the focus of education would now be to learn secular knowledge and sciences as opposed to religious education. These clerics feared that a whole new generation of Muslims would grow up without their religion or with a minimal understanding of it. They saw what modernization had done to religiosity in Europe and wished to prevent this.Foreign Imperialism: Britain, France, Italy, and Russia greatly desired to control lands that had historically been Ottoman Territories. As a result, they fought numerous wars against the Ottomans to acquire these choice territories. In addition to causing the massive expenditures on military development as mentioned above, they also caused the Ottoman Empire to lose some of its most profitable and populous areas, like Egypt, Libya, and Crimea.
What caused the decline of the Ottoman empire?
There are numerous reasons for the decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire. The five most important reasons are the following:Failure to Modernize: The leaders of the Ottoman Empire did not invest in modern technologies and did not take advantage of the Scientific Revolution in Europe and Enlightenment. Religious Authorities in the Ottoman Empire prevented modernization reforms. The Tanzimat Reforms that did come were too little too late. Additionally, Sunni Muslims had distinct privileges that non-Muslims (Jews and Christians) were not entitled to, leading to inequality and resentment. This led to stagnation in Ottoman development whereas the rest of Europe was advancing rapidly. Some individuals wanted to push for greater technological and social advancement, calling themselves the Jön Türkler (Young Turks). These people would ultimately lead the overthrow of the government and the establishment of the Turkish Republic.Ethnic Nationalism: Especially in the Balkans, but also to a limited degree elsewhere in the empire, people were swept up in the cause of nationalism. This happened especially among the Christian minorities of Southeastern Europe because of the inequalities they faced. The Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Romanians all declared independence and fought the Ottoman Armies to gain that independence. This led to a large decrease in Ottoman territory and a drain on the Ottoman Army and Janissary Recruitment. There were also bitter fights between these newly independent states, especially between Greece and Bulgaria over who would get to claim regions still under Ottoman control like Thrace and Macedonia.Economic and Military Pressures: This period was also notable for Austrian and Russian Imperialism which led to numerous wars between those two empires and the Ottoman Empire. These were incredibly draining on the Ottoman treasury and exhausting for the Ottoman Army. The Ottoman Empire racked up incredible debts to continue arming themselves with hand-me-down weapons from Western countries. The over-expansion of the Ottoman Empire in World War I ended up destroying the country.Religious Opposition to Changes: Many political reforms that the Ottomans tried to implement were done to increase the secularization of the Turkish States, as a result, the Muslim clergy, which had historically had a large role in governance had their political roles threatened. They rose to defend their interests in maintaining political power. Additionally, the clergy lamented that the focus of education would now be to learn secular knowledge and sciences as opposed to religious education. These clerics feared that a whole new generation of Muslims would grow up without their religion or with a minimal understanding of it. They saw what modernization had done to religiosity in Europe and wished to prevent this.Foreign Imperialism: Britain, France, Italy, and Russia greatly desired to control lands that had historically been Ottoman Territories. As a result, they fought numerous wars against the Ottomans to acquire these choice territories. In addition to causing the massive expenditures on military development as mentioned above, they also caused the Ottoman Empire to lose some of its most profitable and populous areas, like Egypt, Libya, and Crimea.
Is it plausible to say that the russo-turkish wars that ended in 1878 ultimately caused world war 1 by causing the downfall of the ottoman empire which led to the balkan wars which led to world war 1?
Even though one would have the possibility of stating such a declaration of opinion, one may wish to consider militeristic aspects of the Ottoman Empire, which was in existence and of stark contrast as stated above. From this, there would seem to be the issue of rather or not that this force could be considered as th Ottoman Empire in and of itself. Of course, there would also be the need to consider if the Ottoman Empire was recognized by the current World Powers which had occupied center stage. This would then lead one to believe that, since the Ottoman Empire entered the theater of the first world war in 1915, they were not recognized until a neccessity was screated so that to do so. There also seems to be the standing theory that the Ottoman Empire was nothing more then a group of renegade soldiers for hire, which may have an iota of truth attached to it. We can also take in the horrendous event of the Armenian Genocide, which had obviously required a great deal of organization, therefore having a need for a government of some sort. After we have taken in these events of vital concern, we may be able to gather a greater understanding of how, with the absence of "the downfall of the Ottoman Empire", the theory mentioned above is nothing more than an absurd notion of wandering minds.
What is the oldest Greek manuscript of the Gospel of Mark?
AnswerBefore 1881, translations of the New Testament were based on copies of Greek manuscripts known as the Textus Receptus (Latin for "Received Text"), or the Latin Vulgate. In the 19th and 20th centuries, older Greek manuscripts were discovered, causing Bible scholars to revise what they believe was the correct text of the New Testament. The latest revision of this Greek Text is the United Bible Societies' The Greek New Testament (published by United Bible Societies, 4th Edition abbreviated as UBS4). The UBS4 differs from the Received Text at thousands of points. Not all manuscripts contain all four gospels of the New Testament, and many are only partial or even fragmentary.One of the very earliest is Papyrus 45, which contains the gospels and Acts, is dated to around 225 CE. Slightly earlier manuscripts exist, but do not contain Mark.A very early manuscript known as 7Q5, found at Qumran among the "Dead Sea Scrolls" has been seen by some scholars as a copy of two verses from Mark 6:52-3. This would potentially be the earliest fragment of Mark's Gospel, as it would predate the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. However other scholars have rejected the view that this fragment is from Mark, and it is no longer generally accepted. An extension of the "Dead Sea Scrolls" position is provided by Robert Eisenman, who believes that Christianity was really an evolution of the Qumran sect (The Dead Sea Scrolls and the First Christians), but once again, this is not a widely supported position. It is perhaps more likely that Mark based verses 6:52-3 on the document found at Qumran, without being a member of the community.Later, important manuscripts, that date from the mid-4th to the early 5th century, include Codex Vaticanus, Codex Aleph (Codex Sinaiticus), Codex Alexandrinus.AnswerIf you are referring to an almost entire manuscript of the Gospel of Mark, then you would go to Codex Vaticanus at around 300 AD, closely followed by Codex Sinaiticus (Aleph) dated at around 350 AD. These however, are not quite complete as they have space allocated for missing verses at the end of Mark and then continue into Luke. In fact, in the Vaticanus manuscript, the space left for the ending is the only such space left in the entire manuscript. Seven early church writers (all who pre-date the two manuscripts which omit the ending) have also directly quoted from the ending or else referred to it and so, since it is also in the great majority of manuscripts, it is rightly regarded as genuine. Further to this, both the two codices which omit the ending are notoriously unreliable manuscripts and have thousands of errors between them.It has been proposed that a fragment from Qmran, known as 7Q5 contains Mark 6:52-53. From what is known of Qmran, it would appear that this fragment pre-dates AD 70. However, the fragment is small and the identification has not been sufficient to convince most scholars.The next oldest fragment, known as the Chester Beatty Papyrus or P45 dates from the early to the middle of the third century or around 200- 250 AD. This contains parts of Mark 7, although it is considered that it originally contained all the Gospels and Acts.Codex Bezae, dated AD 450 plus would appear to be the earliest existing manuscript to contain the entire Gospel of Mark.
Did the ottoman empire join the central powers in World War 1?
The Ottomans did not join the Allies. They aligned with the Central Powers, Germany and Austria-Hungary. The Ottomans remained officially neutral for a few months after the war began, but had a secret treaty of alliance with Germany from August 1914. This was aimed at the common enemy, Russia. The Ottomans openly swung into the losing camp in late 1914, after the Goeben and Breslau incident. These were two large German warships which were in the Mediterranean when the war began, and they then headed for Turkey. The ships evaded Allied fleets searching for them, reached the Dardanelles, and entered Ottoman waters. They were "transferred" to the Turkish navy but continued to be crewed by Germans. The ships went on into the Black Sea, and in late October bombarded Russian cities, causing Russia to declare war on the Ottoman Empire on November 2, followed by France and England on November 5. There were five great, ancient empires which went into WWI, and only one emerged intact, though it took a few years after the war for the Ottomans to topple. Backing the losing side in the war made "Abdul the Damned" the last Sultan.
