Cosmology

The energy of a photon is given by the equation E = hc/λ, where h is Planck's constant (6.63 x 10^-34 J·s), c is the speed of light (3 x 10^8 m/s), and λ is the wavelength in meters. Converting 310 nm to meters (310 x 10^-9 m) and substituting into the equation gives E = (6.63 x 10^-34 J·s * 3 x 10^8 m/s) / (310 x 10^-9 m). Calculating this gives an energy of approximately 4.02 x 10^-19 Joules.

It is possible that Venus may have once had conditions suitable for life, as it is thought to have contained liquid water and a more temperate climate in its early history. However, due to a runaway greenhouse effect, Venus now has a thick toxic atmosphere and extreme temperatures that make it uninhabitable for life as we know it.

If you have an old TV (the kind that you must turn channels with a knob) you may notice that, in between the channels, there was a fair amount of static in between them. Some of this was cosmic microwave background radiation- CMB. The same amount of CMB was present no matter where we looked, thus adding on to the proof of the Big Bang Theory.

He developed an equation from which one can derive the probability of an electron having a specific value for location or velocity.

He had nothing whatsoever to do with the discovery of neutrons.

No, atoms do not always have the same number of protons and neutrons. The number of protons determines the element, while the sum of protons and neutrons determines the isotope of an element. Some atoms have equal numbers of protons and neutrons, but others have different numbers.

Try not to confuse two things that have nothing in common other than their present description having the word "dark" in it.

Dark matter is SOME type of matter that interacts with othe matter via gravity, but is not visible to us. It appears to some type of matter that does not interact at all, other than via gravity.

What is it? We don't know -- hence the name "dark" matter. Based on the observation of its effect on rotations in galaxies and the bending of light from distant sources, we estimate there is five times more mass in our Universe that is composed of dark matter than the stuff we understand -- stuff we call "baryonic matter" or "luminous matter."

Where dark matter exerts a gravitational pull, tending to bring galaxies closer together (or at least slow down the rate at which they are apart from each other), dark ENERGY is something that tends to make galaxies become further apart from each. As best we can tell, it is an inherent proper of empty space itself -- ie, whatever dark energy happens to be, it would exist even where there was no matter whatsoever.

Based on the measured ability of dark energy (what EVER it happens to be -- never forget we have NO idea what this stuff even IS) to make entire galaxies move apart from each other, we estimate that the amount of energy in the Universe that is "dark" is much greater than the amount of all other energy -- and that includes all of the mass that is in dark matter!

As the pie chart below shows, about 74% of the energy of the Universe is in dark energy, about 22% is the mass in dark matter, about 3.6% is in the mass of gas between galaxies, and a measly 0.4% is in the mass of stars in galaxies. This means we understand only about 5% of our Universe!

It would be quite difficult to put a price on dark matter as of now, because we don't even know what the stuff IS.

At present we do not know. It might be almost motionless, it might have a high velocity, it might have a velocity near that of light.

These three hypotheses of the nature of dark are called (respectively); cold dark matter, warm dark matter, and hot dark matter.

Dark matter is hard to understand because it does not interact with light, making it invisible and difficult to detect. It does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, and its exact nature remains a mystery. Additionally, dark matter does not cluster in the same way as normal matter, further complicating its detection and study.

Neither J.J. Thomson nor Ernest Rutherford discovered the neutron. The neutron was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932 through experiments involving the interactions of neutrons with other atomic particles.

Like any other theory, the Big Bang theory

-- does a good job (though not perfect) of explaining a lot of things that are observed now. Like the fact that the universe is expanding.

-- leads to some predictions that are confirmed by observations designed to test them. Like the fact that the movements of galaxies is affected by redshift, which is only possible if we are moving away from them or they are moving away from us.

-- can never be proven. But it can be disproven in a second if the right evidence against it is observed. What science gives and logical thought gives us, they can take away.

The energy of the universe is finite. It can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only change form. It is related to the concept of conservation of mass by Einstein's famous formula E=mc2 - in other words, the combined mass and energy of the universe is constant.

After the Big Bang, it was the force of gravity that exerted the most influence on matter. Gravity acted to pull matter together, leading to the formation of galaxies, stars, and other cosmic structures. Other forces such as electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces also played important roles in shaping the universe.

In Carbon-12, the most abundant form of Carbon, there are 6 Neutrons, 6 Protons and 6 Electrons.

In Carbon-14, the radioactive isotope of Carbon used in Carbon Dating, has 6 Protons, 8 Neutrons and 6 Electrons.

The cosmic background radiation was an important discovery because it provided strong evidence for the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe. It is a remnant of the early stages of the universe, and studying it has helped scientists understand the composition and evolution of the cosmos.

The only way we can study distant parts of the universe is through photons emitted from those regions.

By definition, if it is "dark" then we cannot study it. W can only study its interactions with light that we can see.

No, a quasar is a distant celestial object that emits intense amounts of energy. While a quasar can release powerful radiation and energy into space, it cannot directly obliterate an entire planet in the way a weapon might. The impact of a quasar on a planet would depend on factors such as distance and the planet's atmosphere.

Epicycles were used in ancient astronomy to explain planetary motion within a geocentric model. They involved the idea of planets moving in small circles (epicycles) while also moving along a larger path around the Earth.

If, as ancient astronomers thought, that our Earth was the center point of rotation for other planets, then it is difficult to explain why those planets would move in a direction opposite to their rotation. Ptolemy came up with a solution that worked, but it was a cumbersome one. Nicolae Copernicus was able to show that this retrograde motion could be explained easily if it were assumed that our Sun was the actual center of rotation of the planets.

Cosmology modeling requires a lot of power because it deals with vast amounts of data, complex mathematical calculations, and simulations of the entire universe. These computations require high-performance computers to accurately model phenomena such as the Big Bang, dark matter, and dark energy. The calculations involved in cosmology models are resource-intensive and require substantial computational power to handle the massive scale of the universe.

The composition of Our Gas Giants may resemble that of Our Sun, yet they have not the Power Of Ignition!

The rocky composition of the inner planets bears no resemblance at all.

Stars are mostly Hydrogen. the core of stars is under so much pressure that the Hydrogen undergoes fusion into Heliun and a few heavier elements. Planets are too small for this to happen.

The cosmological argument is a metaphysical argument for the existence of a first cause or necessary being that initiated the existence of the universe. Its validity depends on one's philosophical perspective and interpretation of causality and existence. Some find it compelling, while others criticize its assumptions and conclusions.

Nuclei of U-235 (and other elements) spontaneously emit neutrons. Most of them are too fast to be absorbed by other U-235 nuclei, so it is usually best to slow them down. This is usually done with water, sometimes with "heavy" water.

Current theories of cosmology include the Big Bang theory, which posits that the universe began as a singularity and has been expanding ever since; the inflationary theory, which suggests that the universe underwent a rapid expansion in its early stages; and the concept of dark matter and dark energy, which are thought to make up the majority of the universe's mass and energy. These theories, along with ongoing research and observations, shape our understanding of the origins and evolution of the universe.