Neuroscience

The cells that transmit nerve impulses in the nervous system are called neurons. Neurons are specialized cells that are capable of generating and conducting electrical signals throughout the body. They form the basic building blocks of the nervous system and are essential for communication between different parts of the body.

A mirror neuron is a type of neuron found in the brain that fires (i.e. activates) under two conditions: if an animal/person does a certain action (for example, wipe its face) or if the animal/person sees another animal/person do that action. These are individual neurons (or groups) that fire for a specific action, whether the action is seen or done. This is considered significant in social psychology, as it may (partially) neurologically explain why people are prone to imitate simple behaviors.

The junction where one neuron meets another is called a synapse. At the synapse, electrical signals in the form of action potentials are converted into chemical signals in the form of neurotransmitters, which then transmit the signal to the next neuron.

Endorphins are chemicals produced by the brain that act as natural painkillers and mood enhancers. They can help reduce pain and induce feelings of pleasure or euphoria. Endorphins are released in response to stress, exercise, and other activities to help the body cope with different situations.

Mitochondria break down glucose to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the main energy source for cells. This process is known as cellular respiration and occurs in the mitochondria's inner membrane.

Local Potentials: Ligand regulated, may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing, reversible, local, decremental

Action Potentials: Voltage regulated, begins with depolarization, irreversible, self-propagating, nondecremental.

The trigger zone of a neuron includes the axon hillock, where graded potentials are summed together to determine if an action potential will be initiated. It is the region where voltage-gated sodium channels are concentrated and play a crucial role in generating an action potential. If the depolarization at the trigger zone reaches a certain threshold, an action potential will be generated and propagated down the axon.

Pretty high I would think, since (as far as I know) seizures do not harm the person directly, you can of course fall and get hurt or get hurt in another way, but seizures do not harm you itself ;-)

Hope you are satisfied with the answer ;-)

A message is transmitted through a glass fiber using light signals. A laser or LED light source is used to encode the message into light pulses, which travel through the glass fiber via total internal reflection. The light pulses are detected and decoded at the receiving end to recover the original message.

with stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system there will be

a. constriction of the pupils

b. dilation of the coronary arteries

c. constriction of selected blood vessels

d. profuse sweating

Inside a resting neuron, there is a higher concentration of potassium ions compared to sodium ions. This creates a negative resting membrane potential that is essential for conducting nerve impulses. Additionally, there are large concentrations of negatively charged proteins within the neuron that contribute to the overall negative charge inside the cell.

A neuron fires when its membrane reaches a certain threshold potential. This threshold potential is typically around -55 to -65 millivolts. When the membrane potential reaches this level, an action potential is triggered and the neuron fires.

A bundle of parallel neurons in the central nervous system is called a tract. Tracts are groups of axons that are organized together and carry specific types of information to different parts of the brain or spinal cord.

The "Tigger zone" in a unipolar neuron is the initial segment of the axon where action potentials are generated. Here, graded potentials from the dendrites accumulate and if they reach a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered.

It interprets all of our sensations (sight, smell, hearing, taste, touch) and signals our muscles when and how to move and with how much force. It also regulates certain body functions like our centers for appetite and thirst. It keeps us breathing even when we're asleep. It's where our personality resides and allows us to learn and communicate with each other.

Parasympathetic stimulation stimulates the muscarinic receptors (and nicotinic) leading to increased Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defacation, increased Gastric motility, Emesis etc

Baroreceptors detect increased BP (vessel stretch) and increase vagal tone - > increase parasympathetic tone ->increase muscarinic stimualtion - > diuresis

Also consider the effect of Atrial Natruetic Peptide and its effect...

Foods high in sugar, saturated fats, and processed ingredients can potentially lead to a decrease in dopamine levels. These types of foods may negatively impact dopamine receptors in the brain, which can ultimately affect dopamine regulation. A diet rich in whole foods, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins is often recommended to help support healthy dopamine levels.

The irregular fibrous (dense) connective tissue is covering most of the organs of our body: Fasciae (muscle, tendons, and below the skin), periosteum (bone), deep layer of dermis (our entire body), pericardium (heart and its valves), perichondrium (cartilage), joint capsules (joints), membrane capsules of liver, kidney, and lymph nodes, tunica albuginea (testicle), etcetera.

Neurons with two processes are classified as bipolar neurons. These neurons have one dendrite and one axon extending from their cell body. Bipolar neurons are commonly found in specialized sensory pathways like the visual and olfactory systems.

The premotor phase of reaction time involves perceiving a stimulus and preparing a response. During this phase, the brain processes information from the environment and plans the motor action required to respond to the stimulus. This phase occurs before the actual execution of the motor response.

Blocking retrograde axoplasmic transport in an axon can disrupt the neuron's ability to receive signals from the axon terminal such as growth factors, nutrients, and organelles, leading to decreased cell function and potentially cell death. This could impair neuronal communication and synaptic function, affecting overall brain function.

Yes, neurons transfer information in the form of electrical impulses called action potentials. These impulses travel along the neuron's axon to transmit information between neurons.

axon hillock = where cell body meets the axon

axon bulb = end of the axon...lies very close to the dendrites of another neuron so impulses can pass over the synapse.

AP Biology student *