Photosynthesis

Energy and food

The main goal of photosynthesis is to convert sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose (sugar) that the plant can use as food for growth and development. This process also produces oxygen as a byproduct, which is released into the atmosphere.

Many of the chemical reactions in photosynthesis are redox reactions, involving both reduction and oxidation processes. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to sugars, while water is oxidized to produce oxygen.

well concentration gradient is when both sides are evened out and if both sides are evened out then they are withconcentration gradient but when they are not evened they are against concentration gradient!

The principal end product of photosynthesis is glucose, a simple sugar molecule that serves as the main energy source for plants.

Yes, photosynthesis does not produce heat as its primary purpose is to convert sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose. Heat is a byproduct of metabolic processes that occur during cellular respiration, which uses glucose to produce energy for the plant.

plants receive carbon dioxide from animals whichh is something they need to make oxygen for us

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. The process begins with energy from light being absorbed by proteins called reaction centers that contain green chlorophyll pigments.

The main result of the reactions in the Calvin cycle is the conversion of carbon dioxide into glucose, which is a form of stored energy. This process requires ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

CO2 H2O Light

Chemiosmosis occurs with those protons diffuse back, out of the intermembrane space, across the inner mitochondrial membrane, back into the matrix: as they do so, they pass through the membrane spannning ATP synthases which make ATP from ADP + Pi.

Dew is primarily a result of condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere onto cool surfaces, such as grass or leaves. Transpiration is the process by which plants release water vapor through their leaves, while photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Dew formation is not directly related to either of these processes, although plants can contribute to dew formation by providing a surface for water vapor to condense on.

No, plankton do not make their own food through photosynthesis like plants do. Plankton are either phytoplankton, which are plant-like and produce their own food through photosynthesis, or zooplankton, which are animal-like and must consume other organisms for food.

The vascular system functions by transporting nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It consists of blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that carry blood to and from different parts of the body. The vascular system also helps regulate body temperature and plays a crucial role in immune response.

The water molecules split into hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen atoms. The oxygen atoms join together to form oxygen molecules = oxygen gas which is released from the plant into the air. The hydrogen ions get taken up by a carrier molecule called NADP. The electrons become energised using the light energy that has been trapped by the chlorophyll and eventually join the hydrogen ions attached to the NADP. Ultimately the hydrogen ions and energised electrons join with carbon dioxide to form simple sugars = carbohydrate, from which ALL other organic compounds in the plant are made.

The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are

They are the reverse of each other. The equation for cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O and the equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2. In keeping with law of conservation of energy, cellular respiration is exothermic and photosynthesis is endothermic. It also explains how plants are able to produce oxygen, which is a symbiotic relationship with animals (who require oxygen.)

No, cellular respiration actually releases carbon dioxide into the air as a byproduct of breaking down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. Plants, on the other hand, remove carbon dioxide from the air during photosynthesis.

1. Shade Leaves-In some plants, leaves with barely noticeable or unnoticeable modifications will occur right alongside those that are unmodified. Leaves in the shade tens to be thinner and have fewer hairs than those on the same tree exposed to direct light. In addition, they are generally larger and have less defined mesophyll layers and reduced numbers of chloroplasts than their better lit counterparts.

2. Leaves of Arid Regions-In growing environments with extremely arid conditions, the plants will generally have thicker more leathery leaves. Their stomata are usually reduced in number and are sunken into the leaf surface in special depressions. Some may have succulent leaves or no leaves at all-where the stem takes over photosynthetic responsibilities-or they may have dense hairy coverings. In areas where the soil freezes and water resources are limited, pine trees may have modifications similar to desert plants. Including sunken stomata, thicker cuticle and a hypodermis (thick walled cells) beneath the epidermis. The compass plant is a unique example of growth set up directionally-East and West-in order to reduce moisture loss.

3. Tendrils-Many plants have modified leaf structures called tendrils that aid in climbing or supporting the plant's weight. Tendrils are very sensitive to contact and can be readily redirected based on touch and solid contact. Tendrils become coiled like springs and when contact with a support structure is made, the tip not only coils around it but the tip direction reverses. It needs to be noted that not all tendrils are modified leaves, tendrils of the grapevine, for example, are modified extensions of the stem tissue.

4. Spines, Thorns and Prickles-Desert plants have leaves modified as spines. Water loss is correlated to surface area, so the decrease in leaf surface area consequently decreases water loss to the outside. In plants with spines, photosynthesis is generally conducted by the stem tissue. The tissue is made of sclerenchyma cells and replaces any 'normal' leaf tissues. The modifications arising in the axils of leaves are stem modifications not leaf spines, but thorns. Recall, that the prickles of roses and raspberries are not leaves or stems, but outgrowths of the epidermal or cortex just beneath the prickle.

5. Storage Leaves-Succulent leaves are leaves modified to retain and store water. Water storage is permitted because of the thin-walled, non-chloroplast parenchyma cells just beneath the epidermis and to the interior of the chlorenchyma tissue. The vacuoles in the non-photosynthetic cells store the extra water resources. There are plants with succulent leaves that have a special photosynthetic process. We will look at these in a later tutorial. The fleshy leaves of onions and lily bulbs store large amounts of carbohydrates which are utilized by the plant in the next growing season.

6. Flower Pot Leaves-the leaves of some plants, such as the Dischidia plant from tropical Australasia, develop odd pouches that become the symbiotic homes of ant colonies. The colonies carry in soil particles and add nitrogenous wastes, which the leaves collect moisture through the condensation of water vapor via the stomata. The area is a rich medium for the adventitious roots that grow down into the soil contained in the pouch-hence the flower pot function of the modified leaf.

7. Window Leaves-There are at least three members of the Carpetweed family in the Kalahari desert with unique adaptations to the sandy growing environment. These plants have leaves shaped like ice cream cones. The leaves are buried in the sand, leaving the transparent dime-sized tip of the leaf exposed at the surface. The transparent surface is covered with a thick epidermis and cuticle and has virtually no stomata. This arrangement allows light nearly direct access to the mesophyll with chloroplasts inside. The plant, for the most part, is buried and away from drying winds and abrasive blowing sands. There are other examples of succulent plants with window leaves.

8. Reproductive Leaves-Walking fern leaves produce new plants at their tips. Air plants, a succulent, have little notches along their leaf margins where new plant are produced with leaves and roots of their own. The baby plants will produce even if the parent leaf is separated from the rest of the plant.

9. Floral Leaves (Bracts)-Bracts are found at the bases of flowers and are sometimes mistaken as petals. They compensate for small flowers or absent petals. The poinsettia 'flower' is really composed of bracts. The center cluster of tiny flowers is the main event, while the bracts do all the attracting.

10. Insect-Trapping Leaves-These plants are always attention grabbers and have intrigued folks for centuries. Plants that trap insects usually occur in swampy areas and bogs of tropical and temperate regions. Generally, the soil is lacking some vital ingredient for life and the plants utilize trapped insects and small organisms to fill the gap. The captured prizes are dissolved and absorbed by the plant. However, if insects are not available (i.e. a laboratory situation) the plants will develop if nutrients are given instead. The following four plants represent the four main mechanisms of capture.

Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis occurs in plant cells. They contain chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Photosynthesis produces oxygen as a byproduct, which animals need for respiration. Additionally, photosynthesis creates glucose, a source of energy that is obtained by animals when they consume plants. Overall, photosynthesis provides the basis for the food chain, sustaining all animal life on Earth.

Plants obtain sugars through the process of photosynthesis, where they use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose. The chlorophyll in plant cells captures sunlight and converts it into chemical energy, which is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars. These sugars are used as a source of energy for the plant's growth and development.

It is the quantitative study of the energy relationships and energy conversions in biological systems. All organisms need free energy to keep themselves alive and functioning. The source of energy is just one; solar energy. Only plants use that energy directly. What the organisms use is the chemical energy in the form of foods. The very first conversion of solar energy into a chemical energy is the sugar molecule.

On one side the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy with the help of photosynthesis happens, and on the other hand this photosynthesis makes it possible with the passage of time on earth to accumulate free oxygen in the earth's atmosphere making possible the evolution of respiration. Respiration is important for bioenergetics as it stores the energy to form a molecule ATP; adenosine triphosphate. This molecule is a link between catabolism and anabolisms. The process of photosynthesis is helpful in understanding the principles of energy conversion i.e. bioenergetics.

Photosynthetic organisms and plants capture solar energy and synthesize organic compounds. It is a way of energy input. Energy stored in these organic compounds that are mainly sugars can be used later as a source of energy. Photosynthesis after respiration provides glycolysis, a major substrate, and later this glycolysis with further respiration provides energy in very controlled processes. So respiration and photosynthesis are the main processes dealing with bioenergetics.

High temperatures can accelerate the process of chlorophyll degradation in plants, leading to faster chlorophyll loss. This is because heat can disrupt the structure of chlorophyll molecules and the enzymes involved in chlorophyll breakdown, ultimately speeding up its degradation. Conversely, lower temperatures can slow down the rate of chlorophyll loss.