Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide is important in the atmosphere as it is one of the greenhouse gases that has been helping to keep the earth warm for millions of years. Not too much, not too little, but just the right amount.

Unfortunately we are now adding too much carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, causing global warming and climate change.

ATP synthase is a key enzyme in energy transformation of a living cell. The enzyme makes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diiphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi).

ADP + Pi <=> ATP ATP is a universal "energy currency" of a living cell and is essential for DNA synthesis, muscle contraction, ion and nutrients transport, signal transduction, etc.

The amazing feature of ATP synthase is rotary catalysis: a complex of subunits rotates relative to the rest of the enzyme and the mechanical energy of rotation is driving ATP synthesis reaction.

In turn, the rotation is powered by transport of protons trough the membrane segment of ATP synthase. The driving force for this transport is the electrochemical potential difference of proton across the membrane.

ATP synthase is therefore the smallest mechano-electro-chemical energy transducer that works as a nanoturbine.

A much more detailed description of ATP synthase is available at

www.atpsynthase.info

In photosynthesis, molecules like glucose, fructose, and starch contain carbon. In respiration, molecules such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids also contain carbon.

Plants absorb the sun's energy through a process called photosynthesis. This process requires sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to convert into glucose and oxygen. The chlorophyll in plant cells captures the sunlight and uses it to power the chemical reactions that produce food for the plant.

Photosynthesis requires many enzymes to function. An example of one of these enzymes is rubisco, which is involved in carbon fixation to RuBP. All enzymes have a specific range of variables in which they perform optimally, like pH ranges or in this case temperature. At a boiling point temperature, it is likely photosynthesis will be nonexistent or at minimal levels. This is because at such a high temperature the enzymes can become denatured, and fail to perform.

This of course is not true for all types of photosynthesis, as there are some bacteria that are able to perform photosynthesis at extreme temperatures.

The graph shows that productivity increases with increasing light intensity, reaching a peak before plateauing. Therefore, at the light intensity where productivity peaks, you would expect the highest productivity level before it starts to level off.

The organelles where photosynthesis occurs are called Chloroplasts. Occuring only in plants, chloroplasts are small vesicle-like organelles that contain sacs of the pigment Chlorophyll. These sacs absorb sunlight to initiate the chemical reaction photosynthesis.

In photosynthesis, 6 molecules of carbon dioxide result in 1 molecule of glucose. Through the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide molecules are converted into glucose using energy from sunlight and releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

Photosynthesis converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in glucose molecules. This process involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy, making it an energy conversion reaction.

Sugar is made during the Calvin cycle, which is the second stage of photosynthesis. In this stage, carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions.

Potassium hydrogencarbonate provides a source of carbon dioxide that can be utilized during photosynthesis by plants. Carbon dioxide is a key component needed for photosynthesis to occur, as it is used by plants to create glucose and oxygen. By providing potassium hydrogencarbonate, we are essentially supplying plants with the necessary raw materials to carry out photosynthesis more effectively.

Glucose sugar; enzymatic processes such as photosynthesis have highly predicable outcomes.

In chemistry the splitting of water results in (2) H2 and (1) O2, yet in biochemistry the splitting of water involves H+ and OH-.

Within the thyakoid membrane, electrons from water are "excited" by photons of light energy in Photosystem II. The excited electrons "fall" from Photosystem II, pass through the electron transport chain (ETC) and flow into Photosystem I. As the electrons travel down the ETC, one molecole of hydrogen is pumped across the membrane from the stroma (fluid space inside the chloroplast) into the thylakoid where a higher gradient of H+. The ions pass onto the protien, ATP synthase which takes one H+ ion and pumps it through the membrane acting like a motor generating one molecule of ATP. The ATP is now located in the stroma and will be used shortly in the Calvin Cycle.

The metabolism of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid through a process called glycosysis produces 2 ATP molecules

The direct mechanism of ATP production during photosynthesis occurs through the process of photophosphorylation, specifically through the light-dependent reactions in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Here, ATP is produced through the generation and flow of protons across the membrane, driving the ATP synthase enzyme to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

No, vacuoles are cellular organelles that play a role in storing nutrients, waste products, and maintaining turgor pressure within the cell. Photosynthesis primarily occurs in chloroplasts, a different organelle found in plant cells.

A porometer measures the pore size and distribution in a material, such as a membrane or filter. It is commonly used in scientific research and quality control to assess the permeability and characteristics of porous materials.

The second step of photosynthesis happens between the chloroplasts, rather than inside of them. This particular step is also independent of light, so if the light suddenly goes away for some reason, it doesn't totally stop the photosynthesis all at once.

Green light does affect plants, but it doesn't really provide much help in the plants' growth. Plants that are green absorb all the colors of light except the color green, which is reflected off the plant. This is why we see the plant as green.

Aerobic cellular respiration produces a total of around 36-38 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule. This occurs through a series of metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria.

Light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis take place in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. This membrane contains pigments such as chlorophyll that absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

e) ATP is not made during any of the processes. ATP is produced in both glycolysis (2 ATP) and the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration. The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) produces some ATP indirectly through the generation of NADH and FADH2, which then feed into the ETC for ATP production.

Liverworts can also reproduce asexually by means of special structures called gemmae cups. These little cups can be easily seen on the surface of the plant. Each gemma cup contains a number of tiny plantlets called gemmae, and a single drop of water will disperse them. These little vegetative "clones" will then grow into a new gametophyte.

Coal comes from the remains of plants and trees that grew millions of years ago. These plants absorbed sunlight and converted it into energy through photosynthesis. Over time, the organic matter from these plants became buried, subjected to heat and pressure, eventually forming coal.

phloem. Phloem is a plant tissue that is responsible for transporting sugars, nutrients, and other organic compounds produced during photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of the plant, such as the roots, stems, and fruits.