Technology

Two types of peer-to-peer networks exist that are:

• Pure peer-to-peer Network:

All Peers act as equals mean to say that there is no dedicated server, all behaves equally

• Hybrid peer-to-peer Network:

It act as the client¬server model because it has a central peer act as server that keeps information on peers and responds to requests for that information. Central server (peer) knows what resources are shared and what are free. They are also responsible for hosting management of available resources.

In the Victorian period in 1876.

It is generally accepted that Scottish-born inventor, Alexander Graham Bell, invented the first practical telephone on March 10, 1876, when, in Boston, USA, he spoke his famous words "Mr Watson, come here. I want to see you."

Defragmenting the hard drive if it is very fragmented can often speed up your computer. So can fixing registry problems. You can disable features and services you are not using. For instance, if you are not big into visual effects, you can disable most of them to get more performance. If you are not using a laptop or don't have "green" motivations, then you can turn off a lot of the power management stuff to increase performance.

You can also make some hardware changes too. If you can install faster memory or a faster CPU that can help. If you are running low on memory a lot, then you can add more memory so the hard drive won't have to be used for temp files a lot. Then you may want to install a faster hard drive such as a SSD drive at least for use as a system drive. You can also try adding a USB memory stick under Windows 7/8 to use for ReadyBoost.

A computer can be made faster by:

1. Defragging it regularly using Windows Disk Defragmenter.

2. Deleting the temporary files in the system.

3. Reducing the number of programs that start during windows start up.

4. Optimizing system configuration.

5. Adding more RAM (memory).

6. Upgrading the CPU.

7. Upgrading other components such as the graphic card.

Without spending money:

Eliminate all the extraneous software from your machine. Nearly everything you download these days wants to run an "agent" on startup. All it does is sit there and soak up RAM and CPU cycles. If your system tray (down by the clock) is crowded, get rid of as much of that stuff as you can. Additionally there are many gray-area malware apps (spyware adware scareware) which may or may not be picked up by your virus scanner

Below are links to a couple good programs for removing this stuff. First is "Malware Bytes," it will help you find any malicious or semi-malicious programs running on your machine and remove them for you. Second is "Decrapifier." It is intended to be used on a newly purchased computer and will help remove all the pre-packaged demo-ware which comes with new computers.

Be sure you have at least 10% free space on your hard disk and then defrag your hard disk. The defrag utility is in start > accessories > system tools. Or go to My Computer, right click on the drive letter in question, and go to properties. There you should find the defragger and the disk checker.

If you don't mind spending some money:

Adding system RAM can greatly improve the performance of any computer system. Its like putting a turbo-charger on your car, the engine is the same, but it produces a lot more power. You can never have enough RAM for Windows, and adding RAM is always a good way to get a little more performance out of your machine.

Upgrading your video card is also a good way to boost performance in 3d games. Modern video cards have come a long way in the last couple years and a decent 512mb card can be had for under $100.

Improving machines that once performed well:

If your machine used to run better, but is running slow now, your best bet is to do a few system-maintenence measures to speed things up a bit.

First, do a good spyware scan. Spybot Search & Destroy or Lavasoft Adaware are both excellent freeware programs which will scan your system for useless software and remove it automatically. Both are linked below.

Second, make sure you don't have infections. There are plenty of antivirus tools for this.

Third, see all that stuff down in your system tray (on the start bar by the clock), all that stuff is qeued up to run on startup and then just sit there soaking up RAM and CPU cycles. Go through those programs and through their prefs and tell them to stop loading on startup. Failing that, Spybot S&D also has an excellent utility for removing unwanted programs from the startup routine.

Fourth, optimize your operating system. Windows by default loads up all sorts of services that may or may not be necessary for your particular usage needs. I suggest searching for "Windows XX optimization guide" with XX as your Windows version for more info on what you do and dont need.

Fifth, and maybe this should be first. Unplug your machine, remove the cover, and blow out all those dust-bunnies. A clean computer is a cool computer, and a cool computer is free to operate faster.

How hard drives affect performance

Getting the most performance from your PC requires that all its components are operating at their full capacity at all times.

By far, the slowest component in any system is the hard drive, since it is mechanical and is in constant use (even if when only web browsing many pages download temp files to your system to access their content, causing items to be written and read).

Perhaps the biggest destroyer of hard drive performance is fragmentation, as having pieces of files and free space randomly scattered all over your disk necessitates a lot more disk action to write and later access the files than would otherwise be needed (even insufficient RAM boils down to slowed disk performance as the page file will have to be used more when RAM is low). Keep the HDD well organized. The HDD can be the culprit on an otherwise well equipped system. Be careful about downloading and installing the programs and defragment regularly to keep data access smooth. In fact you can even automate the task or get a defrag program that will proactively tackle fragmentation. Besides this, run a disk cleanup often and ensure your security updates are in place.

So while getting more RAM will certainly help (mainly because the disk will be used less until the RAM is used up), the real bottleneck occurs at the hard drive -- it's the weakest link in any system.

That being said, the best investment would go in the direction of getting and using advanced third party defrag solutions that can automatically defrag your disks as needed, not over night or "once a month", but now, when the disk is being used.

Here is a link to a Top 10 Review which compared the leading defrag programs and ranked them according to performance and value (their Gold Medal winner, Diskeeper, is the only solution available which actually prevents fragmentation). You can get a trial for the gold medalist.

These appear in the links below under "Top 10 Review of Defrag Solutions" and "Defrag".

1. Monitor:

A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays the information is called the screen. Like a television screen, a computer screen can show still or moving pictures.

2. CPU:

The central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the "brain" of your computer. Another component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off.

Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system unit. Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device or device.

3. Keyboard:

A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:

• The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where they are used.

• The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter numbers quickly.

• The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a document or webpage.

• You can also use your keyboard to perform many of the same tasks you can perform with a mouse.

4. Harddisk:

Your computer's hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or stack of platters with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of information, they usually serve as your computer's primary means of storage, holding almost all of your programs and files. The hard disk drive is normally located inside the system unit.

5. Mouse:

A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. It's small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some newer mice are wireless. A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary button. Many mice also have a wheel between the two buttons, which allows you to scroll smoothly through screens of information. When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen moves in the same direction. (The pointer's appearance might change depending on where it's positioned on your screen.) When you want to select an item, you point to the item and then click (press and release) the primary button. Pointing and clicking with your mouse is the main way to interact with your computer.

6. Printer:

A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a printer to use your computer, but having one allows you to print e‑mail, cards, invitations, announcements, and other materials. Many people also like being able to print their own photos at home.

7. Speakers:

Speakers are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.

8. Modem:

To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that sends and receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable. Modems are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher-speed modems are usually separate components.

9. Floppy Disk Drive:

Floppy disk drives store information on floppy disks, also called floppies or diskettes. Compared to CDs and DVDs, floppy disks can store only a small amount of data. They also retrieve information more slowly and are more prone to damage. For these reasons, floppy disk drives are less popular than they used to be, although some computers still include them.

You can connect a laptop to a computer using a special USB cable known as a bridge cable, link cable, transfer cable or USB network cable. These cables have a USB A type connector on both ends and the cable itself is joined via a small adapter that controls the data flow and electrical current between the laptop and computer.

WARNING: DO NOT use an A type to A type USB cable to connect two computers! You will likely damage both computers and/or create a fire hazard. Connecting a USB cable in this manner will NOT network the two computers. Check the related link for further warning information.