Biotechnology

SDS is used in SDS-PAGE to denature proteins by binding to them and giving them a negative charge. This helps to linearize the proteins so they migrate based on size through the gel during electrophoresis. Additionally, SDS disrupts protein-protein interactions and masks the intrinsic charge of proteins, allowing for more accurate size-based separation.

Protein-based drugs like insulin are sometimes manufactured using biotechnology techniques that involve indirect manipulation of genes. By inserting the gene for insulin into bacteria or yeast cells, these organisms can produce insulin protein, which is then purified and used as a drug for diabetic patients. This process is a form of indirect gene therapy as it involves using genetic engineering to produce therapeutic proteins.

Gene therapy is not always successful. Sometimes when inserting genes into the chromosome, we misplace them, and the original problem is aggravated.

Gene therapy can be somewhat effective at reducing symptoms of genetic diseases though.

During the last several years, we have witnessed "the best of times and the worst of times" in the embryonic field of gene therapy. Rapid advances in human genomic sciences, the development of novel mouse models of human diseases, and the construction and characterization of new vector systems for in vivo gene transduction have significantly expanded the potential feasibility of human gene therapy. On the other hand, the tragic events surrounding the gene therapy-related death of Jessie Gelsinger and subsequent revelations about additional unreported gene therapy-related complications have seriously damaged both the scientific credibility and public confidence in gene therapy. Given these recent events, this would seem to be an opportune time to pause and carefully reassess where we are and, more importantly, where we should be going in this promising but controversial field.

viruses are used in r-DNA technology in process called bacteriophage.. here viruses are induced with gene of our interest and its multiplied by means of bacteria.. this process is called bacteriophage and here bacteria lyses..

According to UNAIDS, around 85,000 children aged 0-14 years old died of AIDS-related illnesses in 2020. Efforts are ongoing to reduce this number through increased access to prevention, testing, and treatment services for children affected by HIV/AIDS.

Biotechnology is a field of science that combines biology and technology to develop products and technologies that improve our lives. It involves using living organisms or their components to create new products or processes in areas such as agriculture, medicine, and industry.

The first step in inserting a new gene into a bacterium is to isolate the gene of interest and prepare it for insertion. This can involve cutting the gene with restriction enzymes and ligating it into a vector, which is a piece of DNA that can deliver the gene into the bacterium.

Blotting technique is a laboratory method used to transfer biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, or proteins, from a gel matrix to a membrane for further analysis. There are different types of blotting techniques including Southern blotting for DNA, Northern blotting for RNA, and Western blotting for proteins.

SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was developed by biochemist Ulrich K. Laemmli in 1970. It is a widely used technique for separating proteins based on their molecular weight.

Adaptive radiations often occur after mass extinctions because the clearing of ecological niches due to the extinction of dominant species opens up opportunities for other species to diversify and occupy new habitats. This reduced competition allows for rapid evolution and the colonization of new adaptive zones, leading to a burst of speciation and diversification known as an adaptive radiation.

The discovery of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 is considered a milestone that ushered in the biotech society. This discovery laid the foundation for the development of biotechnology, enabling advancements in genetic engineering, gene therapy, and other biotech applications.

Eukaryotic genes have regions called "introns" and "exons". Exons code for polypeptides (often specific domains or motifs), while introns don't code for anything (that we know of) and are removed.

mRNA splicing is the process where an mRNA molecule is cut up (usually by the "spliceosome") to remove the introns from an mRNA message. This is advantageous for us eukaryotes because we can recombine exons in different orders, and even combine exons from different genes to generate many proteins from a smaller number of genes.

most restriction enzymes require magnesium ions for their activation, local restriction enzyme activity can be controlled by the local concentration of magnesium ions. Applying a direct current (dc) voltage to a needle electrode of metallic magnesium made it possible to control the local magnesium ion concentration at the tip of the needle. The restriction enzyme was activated only when magnesium ions were electrochemically supplied.

To create a Punnett square for the combination of RrYY and RrYY, first list all possible gametes for each parent (RrYY and RrYY). Then, fill in the square by combining the gametes from each parent to show the potential genotypes of their offspring. This would result in a 4x4 Punnett square with different genotype combinations.

The two main types of lactic acid are L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid. They are optical isomers, meaning they have the same chemical formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms. L-lactic acid is the form produced in the human body during strenuous exercise, while D-lactic acid is produced by certain bacteria.

Society must implement robust regulations and oversight to ensure ethical use of biotechnology. It's essential to engage in public dialogue and education to increase awareness and understanding. Additionally, fostering collaboration between stakeholders, including scientists, policymakers, and ethicists, can help navigate the complex ethical and social implications of biotechnological advancements.

A colorimeter is used to measure the absorbance of specific wavelengths of light by a particular solution. This is used to determine the concentration of a known solute in a solution using Beer's law. This law states that the concentration of a solute is proportional to the absorbance.

Yes, a plasmid can be used as a cloning vector. Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently in a host cell. They can carry foreign DNA fragments and be used to introduce these fragments into host cells for gene cloning and expression.

No. Human growth hormone or HGH comes from the human body, specifically from the pituitary gland, not from deer antler velvet. However, it has been reported from scientific journal articles about IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor-1) being a factor in the growth of deer antlers, and consequently may play a role in stimulating Human Growth Hormone enabling people taking deer antler velvet supplements to have more growth over those who do not. Note the keyword: stimulating, not made from nor produced or any other synonym you can think of relating to "made from."

The buffer in PCR helps to maintain the optimal pH for enzymatic activity, stabilize the DNA template, and provide the necessary salt concentration for the reaction to occur efficiently. It also helps to prevent the degradation of the DNA template during the high-temperature cycling of PCR.

Bromides are toxic because they can accumulate in the body, leading to bromism. Symptoms of bromism include neurological effects such as confusion, memory impairment, and seizures. In high doses, bromides can also cause respiratory failure and death.

DNA bands are usually visualized using techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After electrophoresis, DNA bands can be viewed under UV light by staining the gel with a fluorescent dye, such as ethidium bromide. The DNA bands will appear as distinct bands of varying sizes depending on the migration pattern of the DNA fragments.

Example of a transgenic tobacco plant is the insect resistant variety. A gene from Bacillus thuringiensis which is lethal to many pests is introduced into the plant genome to impart resistance to many insect pests.