Biotechnology

Yeast is used in biotechnology for various purposes, such as in the production of biofuels, enzymes, and pharmaceuticals. Yeast is also commonly used as a host organism for the production of recombinant proteins. Its fast growth rate, ease of genetic manipulation, and well-characterized molecular biology make it a valuable tool in biotechnology research and applications.

Since some biotech plants are pest resistant by design, they do not require the use of many pesticides or herbicides. When less herbicides are used, the soil is not damaged as much, and there is also less erosion.

Thermus aquaticus is a bacterium with a wide temperature tolerance, capable of surviving in temperatures ranging from 50°C to 80°C. It is known for its heat-resistant enzymes and is commonly used in molecular biology techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

DNA carries genetic information that determines an organism's physical traits, such as eye color, hair color, and height. It also plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, which influences various biological functions, including metabolism, growth, and development. Essentially, DNA dictates an individual's genetic makeup and contributes to their overall characteristics and traits.

The larger the fragments the slower it migrates through the gel. Because it is bigger it takes longer to squeeze through the pores of the gel matrix. So the largest gel fragments will be at the top, closest to where the sample started.

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) relies on chemical analysis of.(RNA) to: evaluate the effectiveness of cancer therapies.identify mutations.reveal cancer that recurs after treatment has been completed

Cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes are a group of enzymes in the liver that are involved in drug metabolism. Some examples of cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes include CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2. These isoenzymes play a crucial role in the breakdown and elimination of a wide range of drugs and toxins from the body.

Casease is considered an exoenzyme because it acts outside the bacterial cell, breaking down casein in the surrounding environment. In the casein hydrolysis test, if casease is present, it will degrade casein outside the cell, leading to a clear zone around the bacterial colony on a milk agar plate, indicating extracellular activity. If it were a cytoplasmic enzyme, the breakdown of casein would occur inside the cell, and there would be no observable clear zone.

Viruses

Biotechnology has the potential to bring numerous benefits, such as advancements in medicine, agriculture, and environmental protection. However, there are also ethical concerns and risks associated with its use, such as genetic modification controversies and potential misuse of bioweapons. Ultimately, whether biotechnology is a blessing or a curse depends on how it is developed and applied in society.

Agarose gel electrophoresis is based on the principle that DNA molecules are negatively charged and will migrate towards the positive electrode in an electric field. The smaller DNA fragments move faster through the agarose gel matrix, allowing for separation based on size. UV light is commonly used to visualize the separated DNA bands after electrophoresis.

A new extension of photonics is biophotonics, which involves a fusion of

photonics and biology. Biophotonics deals with interaction between light and

biological matter. The use of photonics for optical diagnostics, as well as for light-activated and light-guided therapy, will have a major impact on health care. This is not surprising since Nature has used biophotonics as a basic principle of life from the beginning. Harnessing photons to achieve photosynthesis and conversion of photons through a series of complex steps to create vision are the best examples of biophotonics at work. Conversely, biology is also advancing photonics, since biomaterials are showing promise as new photonic media for technological applications. As an increasingly aging world population presents unique health problems, biophotonics offers great hope for the early detection of diseases and for new modalities of light-guided and light-activated therapies. Lasers have already made a significant impact on general, plastic, and cosmetic surgeries. Two popular examples of cosmetic surgeries utilizing lasers are skin resurfacing (most commonly known as wrinkle removal) and hair removal. Laser technology also allows one to administer a burst of ultrashort laser pulses that have shown promise for use in tissue engineering. Furthermore, biophotonics may produce retinal implants for restoring vision by reverse engineering Nature's methods.

It helps break the nuclear membrane of the cell.

Detergent containing the compound SDS ( sodiumdodecyl sulfate) is used to break down and emulsify the fat and proteins that make up a cell membrane.

A PCR case typically refers to a case in which a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test is used to detect the presence of a specific genetic material, such as a virus or bacteria. PCR testing is a common method for diagnosing infectious diseases like COVID-19.

Munification in biotechnology refers to the process of developing a vaccine or therapeutic agent using a combination of molecules from human and mouse sources. This hybrid approach allows for more effective immunogenicity and compatibility with human immune systems.

To understand the answer to this question, you have to understand what quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) is measuring. Typically qRT-PCR is used to determine changes in gene expression at the mRNA level between different samples. First RNA is extracted from a sample, and reverse transcriptase is used to convert all the RNA to DNA, which is termed complimentary DNA or cDNA. If you start out with a certain amount of mRNA in each sample, the ensuing cDNA will be proportional to it, and will now be compatible with the polymerase chain reaction.

Once you have cDNA, using DNA primers specific to the gene you want to measure, you amplify your gene of interest. Assuming 100% efficiency, each cycle will double the amount of cDNA from the previous cycle. A qRT-PCR machine measures the relative level of cDNA after each cycle by reading the fluorescence from a probe that binds cDNA, and only fluoresces when bound. (There are also other probes but that's another discussion.)

At the end of the reaction, you will have exponential J shaped curves corresponding to each sample that flatten out at the top. If one sample had less of the gene you are measuring, its curve will be farther to the right, indicating that it took longer for the cDNA to amplify to any level (or fluorescence value) on the Y axis. If you draw a horizontal line through the curves in their exponential region, and then solve for the cycle number it took to get to the point where the curve and your line intersect, you will get the crossing point.

The significance of this is that now you have some value by which to compare samples with. If one samples crossing point is 20 and another's is 22, the sample with a crossing point of 20 had 4 times as much cDNA to begin with of the target gene (2^2), or generally 2^dcp (difference in crossing points) gives the relative difference in starting cDNA.

MOPS buffer is used in RNA isolation to maintain a stable pH and prevent RNA degradation by RNases. It helps to protect RNA integrity during the isolation process, ensuring reliable results.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract contains antioxidants, vitamins, and amino acids that can help improve skin hydration, firmness, and elasticity. When used in an eye cream, it may help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, brighten the skin, and protect against damage caused by environmental stressors.

Media used for industrial fermentation can include glucose, sucrose, starch, molasses, and other carbon sources. Nitrogen sources such as ammonium sulfate, yeast extract, and peptones are commonly used as well. In addition, minerals, vitamins, and sometimes growth factors may be added to support microbial growth and productivity during the fermentation process.

Biotechnology impacts our lives by providing advancements in medicine, agriculture, and environmental sustainability. It has led to the development of new medical treatments, genetically modified crops, and sustainable biofuels, improving health, food security, and environmental conservation.

Antibiotics are produced by those organisms that want to gain an advantage over other microbes for the availability of nutrients, by eliminating competition. So they are bound to occur in places where there is a high concentration of different and varied types of microbes. Soil is an excellent habitat for such microbes.

The United States is typically credited with being the first country to extensively develop and apply biotechnology in various fields such as medicine and agriculture. Early milestones include the production of human insulin using recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s and the first genetically modified crop, the Flavr Savr tomato, in the early 1990s.

I study biotechnology to understand the application of biological systems in developing new technologies, such as in medicine, agriculture, and the environment. It offers opportunities to address global challenges, improve human health, and contribute to sustainable development.

Yes, a rice plant that has been genetically modified to carry a carrot gene would be considered a transgenic organism. This is because it contains genetic material from a different species (carrot) that has been artificially inserted into its genome.