C++ Programming

Yes. Why don't you try it?

myfunction(int& a);

myfunction(1); // error C2664: 'myfunction' : cannot convert parameter 1 from 'int' to 'int &'

#include<iostream>

#include<iomanip>

#include<limits>

#include<cmath>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

double pi = 4 * atan(1.0);

cout << pi << endl;

cout << fixed << pi << endl;

cout << scientific << pi << endl;

pi /= 1000000.0;

cout << setprecision (numeric_limits<double>::digits10 + 1) << fixed << pi << endl;

cout << setprecision (numeric_limits<double>::digits10 + 1) << scientific << pi << endl;

}

count is a function that counts the variable name.

data base programming,Nigeria,C++ Programming

Peephole optimisation relates to compilation theory. It basically involves examining small sets of instructions within a code segment 'window' (a peephole), looking for any combinations of instructions that either do nothing at all or that can be implemented slightly differently, to improve efficiency. This can include reordering instructions, replacing slower methods with faster equivalents, reducing several instructions to a single instruction, and so on. Such optimisations are minute, but can offer significant improvements in repetitive operations.

You don't. It's done automatically at the nightly reset.

Predefined codes or the predefined functions are the codes small or large codes which are predefined by the maker of the language. In C++ the predefined codes can be included in the program by the header files. These codes are placed in files and functions could be used to access them. Like a simple console Code to output "Hello World" uses a predefined code cout<<"Hello World"; so this cout is already defined how it prints the text or much more know function from C language print( ); .

Comments and variables are two different things. They are so different the question does not make sense. Perhaps you should restate the question, giving us more details as to what you are looking for?

Information hiding is employed by object designers to make certain aspects of an object inaccessible to end-users. This is achieved via the access specifiers: public, protected and private.

Private members are accessible to the class itself (including other objects of the same class type) as well as friends of the class type. Protected members are similar to private members but are also accessible to classes that are derived from the class. Public members are fully accessible.

Typically, an object's member variables will be private to the class of object, with public accessors (getters) and mutators (setters) which act as gatekeepers, ensuring the member variables (and therefore the object itself) remain in a valid state at all times. Since objects of the same class type must behave in exactly the same way (as defined by their class), they have privileged access to each other's private members. Friends of the class have similar privileges which is often said to undermine encapsulation. However this is nonsense. Friends extend a class interface, nothing more. You -- the class designer -- are ultimately responsible for ensuring friends of the class do not undermine the encapsulation.

Methods that operate upon the member variables will generally be made public, however any methods that are used internally, solely by the class itself, should remain private to the class.

Protected access is intended for those classes that are intentionally designed to be used as base classes. However, protected access should be limited only to those members that a derived class actually requires access to. While it may be tempting to replace all private accessors to protected, this reduces the effectiveness of the data hiding mechanism. A better solution is to provide protected methods that only derived classes can call.

Remember that all class members are private by default. It is up to you to decide what is made available outside of the class, but as a general rule, less is more. The less you expose, the easier it will be for end-users to use your class.

As an example, imagine a complex class that represents a complex piece of machinery that normally requires the user to complete a check list before invoking a series of start up procedures. In the real world that may well be the case, but in class design, all of that responsibility can be fully encapsulated by the class itself, as private members and methods. The only public member is the start() method, so all the user has to do is hit the start button and the class itself decides if it is good to go. If so, the machine starts, otherwise an error message is displayed. Everything else is completely hidden from the user.

Whatever data you need. If you need the algorithm to operate with many different types of data, and you are programming in C++, you could use generic programming practices and use templates.

In procedural programming, we define a set of functions that will act upon a given set of data. However, the data and the functions that affect that data are actually quite separate, which can leave the data "exposed"; functions are free to alter the data without any regard to the actual type of data or what it represents. Ownership of the data is ambiguous at best. Without safeguards, the data could be invalidated at any time.

In structured programming we can organise the data and procedures in a more systematic fashion. However the data still required safeguards to maintain its validity.

With object-oriented programming we can combine small sets of data with the methods that can specifically modify that data into a single entity; an object. Each object is solely responsible for its own data, which can now be safely hidden from procedures that have no business accessing that data. Interfaces to the data can be designed such that the underlying data remains in a valid state at all times and access to the data and the functions that can modify the data can be strictly controlled by the object itself.

Users of objects do not need to know how an object physically stores its data, nor how it manipulates that data -- their only concern is to store the data, retrieve the data, and to modify the data. All of this is achieved by the interface exposed by the object. They need not concern themselves with the underlying implementation of that object, only that it does what it was intended to do in a highly predictable manner, nothing more and nothing less.

As with structured programming, complex data structures can be created by combining existing objects to create new objects. But since every object takes care of its own data, highly complex and robust structures that would otherwise be extremely difficult to implement become feasible.

An object that contains other objects needn't be concerned with how those objects actually work. For instance, a list object is not concerned with the type of data it can store, its only concern is to manage the node objects in the list, nothing more and nothing less. Similarly, the individual node objects have no concern for the type of data they contain, only that they have data the user can retrieve. By delegating jobs to the objects that actually know how to implement the work, the risk of invalidating data is greatly reduced.

Popping is the opposite of pushing. You push values into a queue and pop them off. The queue is generally represented by a stack, where the last value pushed onto the stack is the first to be popped off the stack (last in first out, or LIFO).

C++ was originally called "C with Classes". In the C language, '++' is an operator that increments the operand, thus C++ is a shorthand way of saying C=C+1. In this case the operand is the language name itself, C, thus C++ literally means the "the successor to C".

The ++ operator comes in two varieties: prefix and postfix increment. C++ is the postfix increment version, while ++C would be the prefix increment version. Both will increment the operand, C, however ++C evaluates to the original value of C while C++ evaluates to the incremented value of C. Which you use depends on whether you want the original value or the new value. Either way, C is incremented. Note that when working with an object named C, ++C is more efficient than C++ because C++ must copy the original object in order to return it, whereas ++C just returns the same object (pre-incremented). But with primitives that will fit into a register there is no difference as no copy is actually needed (the result is simply placed in an output register while a working register performs the actual increment).

No. In computer programming, a class is a data type while a pointer is a variable that can store a memory address.

A walk-through is a debugging technique, whereby each line of code is executed one line at a time, allowing the programmer to observe changes to variable values and memory contents as they occur. It is often used to step through a series of function calls in order to identify a logic problem when the source of the problem is unclear, either stepping over or into functions to narrow the problem down to a particular function. Since it is a labour intensive technique, the programmer will typically set conditional breakpoints at key points in the program in order to narrow the problem down more quickly. Once the problem is identified, he can step through it more closely to identify why the problem occurs.

INC file extensions usually indicate that they are "include" files (i.e. they are written with the intent to being called from another source code file). These files are opened using any normal text editor, such as Notepad, Vi, or Edit. Special editors also exist for the language that the source code within is written in, and typically includes auto-completion, syntax highlighting, and error checking.

"Internal" is not a C++ keyword, so it is meaningless in this context.

"Protected" means that the class member is visible to (has scope from) only the class and classes derived from the class.

You set tab order in an MFC dialog control the same way you set tab order in an ordinary dialog control... You use Format / Tab Order (Control-D) in Visual Studio (2010) and then click the controls in the order you want, the press enter.

Alternatively, you can change the order of the EDITTEXT macros in the RC file.

There is no such thing as a null printer in C++. You are perhaps thinking of the null device to which output can be redirected from the command line (effectively hiding the output of a program). However this has nothing whatsoever to do with C++, it is entirely dependant upon the operating system.

A sentinel loop is a loop that iterates over a series of values until a special "sentinel" value is encountered. For instance, when iterating over the characters in a string, the null-terminator acts as the sentinel value, indicating that the end of the string has been reached.

Sentinel loops typically have the following form:

while( get_value(value) != sentinel )

{

// do something with value...

}

Store the first value in the matrix, then compare every value in the matrix with the stored value, replacing the stored value if the current value is smaller. For instance, the following snippet will locate the smallest int value in a 3x4 matrix named A:

int smallest=A[0][0];

for(int x=0; x<3; ++x )

{

for(int y=0; y<4; ++y )

{

if(A[x][y]<smallest )

{

smallest=A[x][y];

}

}

}

the alphabet? ( my mom came up with it when i told her )

Object-oriented programming (OOP) would have to be top of the list of important topics in C++, since OOP constitutes a major portion of all C++ programs. The C++ standard library is heavily reliant upon OOP. Templates are the next most important topic, as these allow you to write code in a more generic manner. The C++ standard template library (STL) relies heavily upon templates. The closer you stick to the standard library, the easier it is to port code between compilers. However, familiarity with the correct usage of macros will aid in writing portable cross-platform code.

Whilst learning these topics you will be introduced to C-style programming. It is not necessary to know C before learning C++ (indeed, it is better to not know C at all), however the C++ built-in types (primitive data types) are primarily inherited from C. C itself is a low-level language, but C++ is every bit as efficient. Thus it is best to get into the habit of writing good C++ code first, and using C only where it is deemed necessary.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

char str1[10],str2[10];

printf("Enter string.\n");

gets(str2);

strcpy(str2,str1);

printf("Copied string is %s",str1);

getch();

}