Catalysts and Catalysis

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in our body, or in other words a biological catalyst

No, a catalyst will not change reaction enthalpy. If it does so, then it is NOT a catalyst but a reactant in stead!

Industrial examples of catalysts include nickel in the hydrogenation of oils to make margarine, platinum in the catalytic converters of cars to reduce harmful emissions, and iron in the Haber process to produce ammonia for fertilizers.

Catalysts affect reaction rates by providing an alternate route of reaction with lower activation energy. Therefore, they speed up the process they are catalyzing in both the forward and reverse directions.

Catalysts speed up reactions and they do this by decreasing the activation energy. The way they decrease the activation energy is by providing an alternate pathway for the reaction. Because there are so many different reaction mechanisms/pathways in chemistry, there must be many different catalysts.

1. Temperature.

2. P.H level.

3. Enzyme concentration

Catalysts are thoese molecules which are added to the reaction to spead it up. They actually don't take part in the reaction. Thier presence is enough!

You can have the eg of NICKEL. Thier magnetic field also affects the other molecules and forces them to react fast(up to some extent) and their molecular structure is also responsible.

The common catalyst in automobile exhaust is a catalytic converter, which contains precious metals like platinum, palladium, and rhodium. This device helps to convert harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons into less harmful substances like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor through a chemical reaction.

The use of a catalyst increases the chance of particles meeting. This causes there to be a decrease in activation energy, and results in an increase in rate of reaction.

No, you need protease to break down meat.

The function of the catalyst is to stimulate the reaction of H2 with O2 to H2O. At the end of the anaerobic program on the Anoxomat, there is a little overpressure in the jar. After a few minutes the catalyst takes care that the pressure in the jar reduces and that there's no oxygen left.

Iron is one example of a catalyst, used in ammonia synthesis. Nitrogen oxide and platinum are another example, used in sulfuric acid manufacturing.

2-methyl-2-butene is the major product (85%), while 2-methyl-1-butene the minor (15%) in an E1 reaction.

Enzyme

• In the chemical industry and the industrial research, catalysis play an important role.
• The different catalysts are in constant development to fulfill economic, political and environmental demands.
• When using a catalyst it is possible to replace a polluting chemical reaction with a more environmental friendly alternative. Today, and in the future this can be vital for the chemical industry.
• The catalysts could help in accelerating chemical reactions and/or making it possible at lower temperatures.

If a substance is thermally unstable it means it breaks down at high temperature. It cannot withstand high temperature.

Metal catalysts are essential in various industrial processes, and five useful items they help produce include:

1. Ammonia - synthesized via the Haber process using iron catalysts, crucial for fertilizers.
2. Hydrogen peroxide - produced through the anthraquinone process with palladium catalysts, used in bleaching and disinfectants.
3. Biodiesel - created through transesterification of oils using sodium or potassium catalysts, promoting renewable energy.
4. Pharmaceuticals - many drugs are synthesized with the aid of metal catalysts, enhancing efficiency and selectivity in chemical reactions.
5. Plastics - catalysts like titanium and zirconium are used in polymerization processes to produce various polymers for everyday items.

Speeds the reaction

Poisoning of catalysis refers to the process where an unwanted substance, known as a catalyst poison, inhibits the activity of a catalyst, reducing its effectiveness in facilitating a chemical reaction. This can occur when the poison adsorbs onto the active sites of the catalyst, blocking the reactants from interacting with it. Common examples include sulfur or lead in catalytic converters, which can significantly impair their performance. Ultimately, catalyst poisoning can lead to decreased reaction rates and increased production costs.

An inorganic catalyst can often catalyse many different reactions whilst most enzymes are reaction specific

enzymes allow a reaction to take place which only forms pure products reducing the costs for separation techniques

lower temperatures and pressures can be used than with inorganic catalysts

inorganic catalyst can often be poisonous and cause disposal problems at the end of their industrial lives. Enzymes are biodegradable

btw enzymes are living catalysts

Catalysts increase the reaction speed without being used or changed in the process. This means they can be reused at no extra cost. Some catalysts are necessary in order for some reactions to produce a sufficient amount of a product, such as ammonia in the Haber process. However, it does not shift the equilibrium rate.

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In polymerisation a number of monomer (basic entity of polymer) get together to form a polymer.For example carbon tetra chloride joins other molecule of latter to form teflon.

Catalyst catalyse(help in completion) polymerisation reaction.

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