Catalysts and Catalysis

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur by providing an alternative pathway for the reaction. This enables substrates to be converted into products more efficiently. Catalysts, including enzymes, speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier, making the reaction proceed at a faster rate. Thus, the relationship between catalysts, enzyme activation energy, and substrates is that enzymes act as catalysts to reduce the activation energy needed for substrates to undergo a chemical reaction.

Catalase has a specific shape in its active site that is complementary to the hydrogen peroxide molecule. Other chemicals may have different shapes that do not fit properly into the catalase active site, preventing them from being efficiently broken down. Additionally, catalase has a specific mechanism for reacting with hydrogen peroxide, so other chemicals may not be recognized or processed in the same way.

they both speed up chemical reations. catalysts work by lowering a reation's activation energy.enzymes speed up a chemical reactions that take place in cells. they both speed up chemical reations. catalysts work by lowering a reation's activation energy.enzymes speed up a chemical reactions that take place in cells.

Catalysts are chemicals that alter the rate of a chemical reaction without being chemically changed themselves . However to alter the rate of the reaction , the catalysts need to come in contact with the reactant particles. Spreading out the catalyst increases its surface area , hence increases the chances of coming in contact with the reactant particles . So they are able to provide the reactant particles an alternative route with a lower activation energy for the reactant particles to collide and form the product .

Silver chloride (AgCl) is insoluble in both cold and hot water.

Bleaching powder helps in the purification of water by releasing chlorine, which is a powerful disinfectant that kills bacteria, viruses, and other harmful microorganisms present in the water. This process helps to make the water safe for consumption by destroying pathogens and reducing the risk of waterborne diseases.

white phosphorus needs to be stored under water as it is poisonous n can ignite when in contact with air,in the same way red phosphorus is not so dangerous like white phosphorus and therefore is found in matchsticks.

The first enzyme that mixes with food in the digestive process is salivary amylase, which is produced in the salivary glands. Salivary amylase helps to break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars in the mouth before the food reaches the stomach.

Chemically the difference is 1 carbon and 2 hydrogen atoms.

Acetone ==> CH3-CHO-CH3

MEK (Butanone) ==> CH3-CHO-CH2-CH3

Their properties are therefore very similar because of this.

MEK

HARMFUL OR FATAL IF SWALLOWED. HARMFUL IF INHALED OR ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Acetone

HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED OR INHALED. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Acetone also happens to be much cheaper.

As for uses, since acetone evaporates quicker it is often used as a paint thinner as it will not prolong the drying time as much as MEK would. Acetone is also a better solvent because looking at the structure of the molecule it has a more medium polarity than MEK, and thus dissolves a wider range of compounds.

Sublimation of any pure substance such as ammonium chloride by definition is a physical change, because sublimation is defined as passage of substance from the solid to the gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.

We have to clearly understand the concept that enzymes are actually, chemically proteins. There are enzymes that are involved in proteins production (peptidyl synthetase), lipid or nucleic acid formation. So a protein can help in forming other protein or enzymes. Most important thing is, all proteins are coded in DNA.

Tallow is beef fat, a trigylceride.

Hydrogenation breaks the double bonds of a hydrocarbon, and replaces them with single carbon atoms. This process is known as "saturation" - you're saturating all the bonds with carbon.

Generally, hydrogenated fats are solids, and less hydrogenated fats are liquids. Hydrogenation is sometimes called "hardening" the fats involved.

Tallow, on the other hand, is pretty hard already. There aren't many bonds that aren't already saturated. Hydrogenated tallow would be a slightly stiffer fat than ordinary tallow.

A catalyst is something that speeds up the reaction by providing a more suitable environment for it to occur, but is itself not consumed in the reaction. The simplest answer would be that if it reacted, then by definition, it would be another reactant and no longer considered only a catalyst.

The reason the catalyst is not affected can vary, but it could be because it's already in a stable form, stable enough not to be affected with the reactants.

The best instrument to prepare a solution depends on the volume and accuracy needed. Common instruments include pipettes for precise measurements, volumetric flasks for accurate volumes, and magnetic stirrers for mixing. It's important to choose the right tool to ensure the solution is prepared correctly.

A cube has 3-fold rotational symmetry, meaning it can be rotated by 120 degrees and still look the same. It does not have 5-fold rotational symmetry because the cube's faces are not oriented in a way that allows for that type of symmetry. The angles between the faces do not align with the requirements for 5-fold rotational symmetry.

I principle because many movements can be derived from the 3 or 4 fold machines.

4- Fold would mean the normal 3 Cartesian axises and a rotation. What do you need more than that.

Earlier there was a 2 1/2 fold machine, but that was because of the difficulty of making the third axis smooth. The X and Y axis were smooth, but introducing the Z axis was difficult, so for a time the Z axis could only be done in steps like south east Asian farming shelves.

A catalyst provides an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy for the reaction to occur, allowing it to proceed at a faster rate even at lower temperatures. This lower energy barrier facilitates more reactant molecules to overcome it and participate in the reaction, leading to an overall increase in the reaction rate.

The reaction that breaks the bonds between atoms within a polymer chain is called "scission". The bonds between chains of monomers, if they exist at all, are not chemical bonds and are broken by thermal motion.

*****It is actually called hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule is separated into two parts by adding a molecule of water.****

"Giraffe Necking" is the term used to describe the appearance of a tube showing a number of uneven hotzones. It may occur for three main reasons. It may be an extreme type of the hot zone problem caused by extensive deactivation by catalyst poisoning or masking by a surface deposit. It may also be caused by channelling in the catalyst bed, where the gas passes preferentially through certain parts of the catalyst. When channelling occurs, the tube is cooled where gas is flowing and the reaction is occuring and overheats where the passage of gas is blocked. Channeling can be caused by packets of broken catalyst and dust or by accumulation of carbon. Lastly, especially in the case of old catalyst, giraffe necking may indicate that the catalyst is nearing the end of its active life and parts of it are falling below the minimum required activity and the catalyst requires charging.

Penicillin acylase is also known as penicillin G acylase or penicillin amidase.

There are a few RNA catalysts are known, but the majority is only proteins. Biochemical reactions are speed by enzymes by lowering the activation energy. Enzymes like other proteins are coded in DNA.

Yes you can. The melting point of the cheap steel they make buckets out of is 1425 degrees C. The hottest magma is 1300 degrees C. So it will be fine.

Once the lava cools off it's just rock and you can put that in any bucket you like.

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being used up.

Some catalysts work by giving the the reacting particles a surface to stick to where they can make contact which increases the amount of collisions between the particles.

Therefore a catalyst effects collision theory by speeding up a reaction.

Salt will generally dissolve faster in warmer water due to the increased kinetic energy of the water molecules. In contrast, the rate of ink dissolution may not be as affected by temperature since its solubility is primarily determined by other factors such as the solvent used and the chemical composition of the ink.