Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is a characteristic of nearly all organisms, used to produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The difference in cellular respiration comes in the form of organisms that survive solely on anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) and those that survive on aerobic respiration (respiration using oxygen, which is far more efficient, producing much more energy).

One waste product of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide.

Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that involves breaking down glucose molecules into smaller units to produce energy in the form of ATP. This process occurs in multiple steps, starting with glycolysis in the cytoplasm, followed by the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Through these steps, energy is released gradually and stored in ATP molecules for cellular functions.

Features that are reverse of one another:

1. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is converted into glucose, while in cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to produce carbon dioxide.
2. Photosynthesis produces oxygen as a byproduct, whereas cellular respiration consumes oxygen as a reactant.

Features that are not reverse:

1. Both pathways involve the use of electron transport chains to generate ATP.
2. Both pathways occur in specialized organelles - photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts, while cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

Most organisms, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists, carry out cellular respiration to generate energy in the form of ATP. This process involves breaking down glucose to release energy for various cellular activities.

Cellular respiration occurs when there is oxygen

Oxygen+Glucose=Carbon dioxide, water and ATP

The purpose of cell. resp. is to produce ATP for cellular work

The first step of cellular respiration is called GLYCOLYSIS

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. The glucose molecule is split in this stage to make 4 ATP molecules 2 ATP molecules go to starting the next step so a net of 2 ATP molecules are made by Glycolysis

The next step is called the Krebs cycle

Krebs Cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. In this stage some complex stuff happens so I suggest you ask the internet(it's open all night). For High School Honors Biology all you need to know is that it produces 2 ATP molecules and occurs in the matrix.

The final procedure is called ETC

The electron transport chain occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Basically H+ ions are transferred to more powerful receptors. This produces 24 ATP molecules. Overall, approximately 28 ATP molecules are produced( this is a debated topic)

Cellular respiration occurs in three main steps. The first step takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. The last two steps take place in the mitochondria(or if cellular respiration is taking place inside of a plant then the last two steps would take place in the chloroplasts) of the cell. Specifically, the second step occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and the last step occurs along the inner membrane of the mitochondria, or the cristae.

Short Answer:

In cellular respiration Oxygen and Glucose, or C6H12O6, are broken down and used to produce ATP, adenosine triphosphate, CO2, and water.

Long Answer:

Glycolysis -> Kreb's Cycle -> Electron Transport Chain -> Chemiosmosis

Glycolysis: Glucose + 2 ATP -> 2 Pyruvate + 4 ATP+2 NADH

Glucose is ingested by the organism and brought into the cell through active transport. The Glucose molecule is phosphorylated, that is a phospate group is attached to both ends, and pulled apart. The phosphate group is then detatched from the split glucose and attached to ADP by an enzyme, forming ATP and Pyruvate.

Kreb's Cycle: 2 Pyruvate+ 2 H2O -> 8 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP + 4 CO2

Pyruvate is oxydized to form Acytl-CoA which is inserted into the Kreb's Cycle. This action produces 2 NADH molecules. When in the Kreb's Cycle, the Acytl-CoA is changed, removing 2 Carbon atoms in the form of CO2, and generating 1 ATP for each pyruvate that entered the cycle. Hydrogen atoms are removed during this cycle and attached to the electron carriers NAD and FAD for use in the Electron transport Chain.

Electron Tranasport Chain and Chemiosmosis: 10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 3 O2 -> 34 ATP + 6 H2O

NADH and FADH2 are put through a series of enzymes where the Hydrogen atoms are removed to form an Electron Gradient. This gradient drives movement through a proton 'pump' that produces energy from the flow of the atoms. Each NADH that enters the ETC will produce 3 ATP molecules. Each FADH2 will produce 2 ATP.

This answer is not exhaustive. For the full process, including all of the enzymes utilized, please talk to a biology professor or look into the purchase of a molecular biology text.

Mitochondria in the cell are the site of energy (cellular respiration) production.

Calories are a form of energy. Any time a cell converts food into energy then the cell is breathing. So the relationship is that in order for cell respiration to occur the cell must convert food and calories (energy).

i believe there is 4 but im not sure

1.ATP

2.NADH

3.FADH2

4.CO2

I THINK It's

1. CO2

2. WATER

3. ENERGY

... got this from my Hole's essentials of human anatomy and physiology eighth edition page 78

Cellular respiration begins with glycolysis that takes place in the cell's cytoplasm. Glucose is the substance that is burned for the production of energy.

breaks down the sugar inside its cells

The respiratory system and the circulatory system work together to remove waste products of cellular respiration from cells. During respiration, carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product, which diffuses from cells into the bloodstream. The circulatory system then transports the carbon dioxide to the lungs where it is exhaled, completing the process of waste removal.

The energy molecule produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions is called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is synthesized during cellular respiration and serves as the main energy currency of the cell, providing the energy needed for various cellular processes and metabolic reactions.

Electron transport is a critical process in cellular respiration because it provides energy for cells in the form of ATP. Electron transport occurs in the mitochondria of cells and involves the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another. The energy generated from this process is used to synthesize ATP the main energy currency of cells. This energy is then used to power a variety of cellular processes such as DNA replication and protein synthesis. Without electron transport cells would not be able to generate the energy required for these essential processes.

Electron transport is essential for cellular respiration because it:

• Moves electrons from one molecule to another
• Generates energy in the form of ATP
• Powers a variety of cellular processes

In conclusion electron transport is a critical process in cellular respiration because it provides cells with the energy required for essential processes. Without it cells would not be able to generate the energy required for these processes and would not be able to survive.

Cellular respiration is usually more efficient in eukaryotic cells because they have a organelle, mitochondria, that produce energy (in the form of ATP)

Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane organelles but some can use their cellular membranes to produce ATP, some bacteria even have sections of membrane in-folding to allow the reactions to occur. This usually produces the same amount of energy as mitochondria respiration and requires oxygen.

Prokaryotes that do not require oxygen or are harmed by oxygen usually can ferment sugars. Fermentation produces very little energy compared to respiration. Other bacteria can oxidize inorganic chemicals to acquire energy but this produces little energy.

Mosses belong to Plantae. So it have mitochondria

Eugena does not breathe in the sense that animals do. However, it does perform photosynthesis, which helps allow for the exchange of gases. Also, the permeable membrane surrounding the euglena allows for gaseous exchange.

Photosynthesis is a positive delta G as it produces more free energy than it uses. The overall result of the Gibbs equations shows that delta G is positive

The equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration are related in that they are essentially reverse processes of each other. In photosynthesis, plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. In cellular respiration, organisms break down glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Essentially, the outputs of one process are the inputs of the other.

Cellular respiration uses oxygen and generates carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and generates oxygen.