Charles Darwin

Quantum shell theory was first proposed by the physicist Niels Bohr as an explanation of the unexpected complexity of the spectra of hydrogen and various other atoms. According to Bohr each quantum shell represents a certain state of energy, attributed to the electron orbiting within that shell. So an electron within the lowest shell would be orbiting at the orbit closest to the nucleus, and thus has the least energy, whereas an electron within a higher shell would be orbiting at the next closest orbit to the nucleus, and thus has a bit more energy by a discrete amount as given by Planck. However, it was noted that this explanation, although it worked perfectly with hydrogen, became more and more inaccurate as the atomic mass of the element in question increased. Therefore, later the electrons and nucleic particles in Bohr's quantum shell theory, with its discrete, pointlike particles, was augmented by another description from wave mechanics, based on Schrodinger's equation, that envisioned Bohr's discrete particles as a sort of vibrating instrument- although what exactly it is that vibrates, and what exact relation it bears to the particle, did not seem to be clear at the time (and is still ambiguous to some extent now). After the assertions of wave mechanics were successfully tested (such as the predicted diffraction of electrons etc.), its description was recognized for the wonder it was, and nowadays replace quantum shell theory as a more accurate and complete description for the working of the atom. This is not to say, however, that quantum shell theory was disproved, just as the dawn of relativity does not disprove Newtonian mechanics. All the modern quantum mechanics, with its powerful wave equation, has done was to replace Bohr's more naive view with a more mature, complete and accurate understanding of the working of the atom. The fact that Bohr was superseded does not mean he was wrong, merely that his description was not complete or nearly accurate enough to account for the phenomena observed. Even now, because of the simpler maths, it's still used as a introduction to the weird wonders of the quantum world.

Oxygen was first discovered by Swedish pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1772 by heating mercuric oxide and nitrate salts.

(But don't try this at home: both very toxic experiments).

Also there was a main quarrel about the 'first' claim between Priestly (VIII-1774) and Lavoisier (1774, later) and Scheele (letter in IX-1774, but found after his death)

When saying that neither ecological succession nor natural selection is progressive, it means that neither process inherently leads to more complex, advanced, or improved organisms or ecosystems. Instead, both processes result in changes that are driven by environmental conditions and can lead to different outcomes depending on various factors.

He is indeed choosy: Exodus 20: v3 "Thou shalt have no other God before me" -this invalidates most other religions. John 14: v6, "Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me." - This eliminates all other religions == According to the followers of god Khrishna, god is not choosy. Khrishna teaching; "It does not matter to whomever god one prays for, it is the Lord Khrishna who answers them anyway." Or something like that.... == Which god? == Actually, the Jews are God's "chosen people", but He established a different covenant with the New Testament, one that fulfills the prophecy of the Old Testament.

I don't know about Wallace, but Darwin spent a lot of his time in the Galapagos Islands where he saw what he thought was natural selection in action without interference from, or as a response to, outside sources like mankind.

== == * Many good companies are always looking for ways to create good management that improve leadership and good communication skills with their employees. It is not an easy task being a Manager because he/she has to deal with many different personalities and debates within his employees and be fair yet stern. A good Manager learns to roll up his/her sleeves and get down to the level of his/her employees when time permits and always has his pulse on the working abilities of his employees. A Manager should be approachable to resolve problems and in most cases any employee with a problem should be heard and treated with dignity. Hard work and laughter between Manager and employee go a long way. * There is an old saying in management training that goes like this: If the employees aren't following....the manager isn't leading. The key has to do with the way the manager routinely communicates and interacts with those reporting to him/her. For example: Does he/she maintain or enhance their self esteem...or just browbeat and intimidate? Does he/she really listen...or is he/she just waiting to talk. Does he/she regard the employee's feelings or openly criticize them in front of other employees? Does the manager ask for help or input in making decisions?...or just assume he/she has all the answers. Dictatorial management is short-term effective at best and invariably ruinous in the long term. One of two things happens...the manager fails or the employees subsequently help him/her to fail!

Darwin believed that geographical isolation led to the formation of new species through the process of natural selection. He observed that isolated populations of organisms in different geographical locations faced unique environmental challenges, resulting in adaptations that eventually led to the formation of distinct species. This idea of geographic isolation as a driver of evolution is now known as allopatric speciation.

"The Origin of Species" by Charles Darwin has been translated into over 70 languages. It is considered one of the most translated scientific works in history.

El humanismo surgió como movimiento intelectual en Europa durante el siglo XV, para promover la formación integral de las personas. Por eso los humanistas solían reunirse para compartir experiencias y debatir. Algo de esto último aún se mantiene, por ejemplo, en la actividad de los Ateneos en España. El humanismo también ha sido un movimiento renacentista que se propuso retornar a la cultura grecolatina para restaurar los valores humanos.

Charles I of England's autocratic rule and conflicts with Parliament led to the English Civil War, ultimately resulting in his execution. He imposed unpopular policies and taxes, leading to widespread unrest and Royalist versus Parliamentarian division. His actions ultimately sparked a shift in power dynamics and paved the way for the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in England.

Darwin extended Malthus's idea of competition for limited resources to all populations, suggesting that individuals within a population with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on these traits to their offspring. This process, known as natural selection, drives the evolution of species over time.

Thomas Malthus's idea of population growth outstripping resources and leading to competition for survival had a significant impact on Darwin's thinking. This concept provided Darwin with insight into the struggle for existence and natural selection, which became fundamental principles in his theory of evolution. Darwin incorporated Malthus's ideas into his own work to explain how species evolve and adapt to changing environments through the process of natural selection.

That idea was popularized by Herbert Spencer, who applied the concept of "survival of the fittest" from Darwin's biological theory of natural selection to society and business. Spencer believed that individuals and businesses that were the strongest, fittest, and most moral would thrive and succeed in society and the marketplace.

Darwin was influenced by ideas from other scientists such as Lamarck's theory of acquired traits and Malthus's principle of population. These ideas contributed to Darwin's concept of natural selection as the mechanism for evolution. Ultimately, Darwin's observations and synthesis of these ideas led him to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection, which revolutionized the field of biology.

Survival of the fittest is a concept in evolutionary biology that suggests organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their genes. It is often associated with natural selection and the idea that competition drives evolutionary change. This concept has been used to explain the diversity of life and the adaptations of species over time.

Charles Darwin influenced the insanity defense by proposing that mental illness was a result of biological factors rather than moral weakness or supernatural causes. This shifted the understanding of mental illness towards a more scientific and medical perspective, which eventually influenced legal systems to consider mental illness as a mitigating factor in criminal cases. Darwin's work contributed to the development of the modern concept of insanity as a defense in criminal trials.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an 18th-century philosopher, proposed the idea that children would develop into generous and moral individuals if they were left to their natural tendencies in his work "Emile: On Education." Rousseau believed that children possessed innate goodness and would naturally grow into virtuous beings if allowed to develop without societal influences.

The concept of natural rights is central to social contract theory as it posits that individuals possess inherent rights that should be protected by society. These rights, such as life, liberty, and property, form the basis of the social contract, which outlines the mutual obligations between individuals and the government. The social contract theory argues that individuals agree to follow certain rules and give up some freedoms in exchange for the protection of their natural rights by the government.

Darwin's father, Robert Darwin, wanted him to become a physician. He sent Darwin to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but Darwin found the lectures on surgery to be particularly gruesome.

Darwin's theory of evolution influenced the concept of mental illness by promoting the understanding that mental illnesses were biological and not solely the result of moral failings or supernatural forces. This shift in perspective led to the development of the insanity defense in legal systems, which takes into account the impact of mental illness on a person's ability to understand their actions and the consequences. Darwin's work contributed to a more compassionate and nuanced approach to mental health in the legal context.

They thought that the Earth and all the creatures have always been the way they are. All the animals on the planet were there in the beginning. Darwin later disproves this because animals are constantly changing and the Earth was really different in the beginning.

You have two things confused. Societies working this way is the concept of Social Darwinism, a misguided attempt to explain societal differences by some form of group selection. Individuals do vary in their capacities and abilities and this is what natural selection is selecting and you confuse equality of identity with equality of morality under the law.

Did you mean "Evolution"?

No, it was the explanation of the species problem at the time and has been refined and strengthened in the last 157 years so well that it has met all challenges head on and surmounted them with flying colors.

Creationism, regardless of stripe, is the actual lie.

Go here.

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