Chemical Engineering

empiracal models

°API = [ 141.5 / (SG @ 60°F) ] - 131.5

SG= specific gravity (always taken at 60°F when calculating API)

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A Drill Stem Test (DST) is a temporary completion of an oil or gas well to determine reservoir parameters such as: pressure, fluid type, permeability, etc. In conjunction with other data it can answer fairly early and economically whether a drilled well is viable to produce.

It is normally run after a well has been drilled and logged with the drilling rig still on location. Based on the results from a DST the well could be cased and put into production or abandoned.

In recent years Horizontal Well Testing is the newest area for oil companies to focus on. This presents a challenge for most of the old DST test strings in that they rely on rotation or up and down movement to inflate their packers or open and close down hole valves. This operation becomes very difficult once you try to get feedback at surface from around the bend (heel) of a Horizontal Well.

The best systems do not rotate or move the drill string up or down. They are totally electronic and use computer commands from surface to do all these functions and power up the down hole tools and gather data.

In the field of oil/gas drilling, it refers to hydraulic horsepower per square inch.

It depends on the context. In a.c. circuits, 'reverse polarity' describes a situation in which a device, such as a socket outlet, is wrongly wired -with the line and neutral conductors interchanged.

Rupture disks and pressure safety valves (psvs) are both types of relief valves. Rupture disks are thin sheets of metal that break at a designated pressure and can only be used one time. Pressure safety valves also relive at a specified pressure, but work by a spring and can relieve multiple times with little or no damage to the relief device.

The biggest advantage arise from the square root dependence on the diffusion coefficient. This allows one to better predict the behavior of various solutes with different diffusion coefficients based on measured behavior of one particular solute. The square root dependence gives more accurate prediction than the linear dependence found with the two-film model. Recognize however that surface renewal is really most accurate when surface renewal rates are high. The model developed by Toor that combines film and surface renewal can be used for quite a range of surface renewal rates.

243 is used on oily surfaces that can't be cleaned.

Nobody cares

forms a sediment when it sinks to the bottom of a liquid.

All types of dust that are not fully oxidized will burn and potentially explode. This includes metal dust such as aluminum, or organic materials such as grain or sugar dust. If a [solid] substance can burn, it can be explode as a dust if the right conditions are present.

A distillaton column works byh contacting vapor and liquid phases. Without reflux traveling down the column the trays will not have sufficient vapor-liquid contact to induce a mass transfer between the phases, and separation will be poor to non-existent.

The nominal pipe size is closest to the inside diameter; however, for exact calculations both should be looked up in a table based on the scheduled pipe size.

490 JKg-1K-1

Upstream data is data from process units upstream of whatever unit you are concerned with. Usually this includes such properties as temperature, pressure, density, composition, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.

Draw a sketch of the following processes and place a dashed line around the system:

(a) Tea kettle

(b) Fireplace

(c) Swimming pool

upstream

water breakthrough is concerned with oil production wells. when a layer of water under the oil layer channeling into the oil accumulation, it called water breakthrough or water coning phenomena.

3 celcious

Polycarbonate is a tough and versatile plastic used in bulletproof windows, cellphone casings and eyeglasses. Dr. Hermann Schnelle of Bayer in Germany invented the polycarbonate resin in 1953, just a week before Dr. Daniel Fox of General Electronics made the same discovery. Lexan is the brand name of polycarbonate.

The temperature of th earth's atmosphere drops about 5 degree centigrate for every 1000m elevation above the earths surfaceif the air temperature at the ground level is 15degc and presure is 760mm of hg.at what elevation the pressure is 380 mm of hg.assume that airbehaves like an ideal gas?

The hydro-testing procedure of a shell and tube heat exchanger requires you to fill the shell and tubing with water that had a color dye added to it. Then, raise the internal pressure by 1.5 times the operating pressure suggested by the manufacturer. If there are any cracks in the vessel, the water will be forced out through the cracks.

This is one of the testing methods for gasoline and is also called Engler distillation. The whole method is based on the determination of boiling point by performing batch distillation. Boiling point is important for the safety and performance of solvents and fuels. It gives the composition, properties and behavior of fuel. Carrying out batch distillation also determines the volatility which majorly shows the tendency of hydrocarbons to produce explosive vapours. This also tells us the application in different industries depending upon the various temperature behavior of the fuel. Boiling point according to the standards limits distillation based on the product specification.