Civil Engineering

Gypsum is added to portland cement to retard C3A hydration

The bottom 12" of the beam is in the slab and the top 12" is an upturn, so it does make sense from a constructability standpoint. However, calculating the horizontal shear flow at mid-height is greatly complicated by the presence of PT. There is also the issue of the dead and stressing ends being near the joint.

Basically, a culvert means a covered hydraulic structure which conveys fluid. Therefore in a broad sense, pipe culverts in a small scale represent normal pipes like precast concrete pipes.

In terms of hydraulic performance, circular section is the best geometrical sections among all. Therefore, for relative small discharge, precast concrete pipes and ductile iron pipes are normally used which are circular in shape. But for applications of very large flow, precast concrete pipes and ductile iron pipes may not be available in current market. In this connection, cast-in-situ construction has to be employed. It is beyond doubt that the fabrication of formwork for circular shape is difficult when compared with normal box culvert structures. However, circular shape is the most hydraulic efficient structure which means for a given discharge, the area of flow is minimum. Therefore, it helps to save the cost of extra linings required for the choice of box culverts.

However, box culverts do possess some advantages. For example, they can cope with large flow situation where headroom is limited because the height of box culverts can be reduced while the size of pipe culverts is fixed. Secondly, for some difficult site conditions, e.g. excavation of structure in rock, for the same equivalent cross-sectional area, the width of box culverts can be designed to be smaller than that of pipe culverts and this enhances smaller amount of excavation and backfilling

Pile using Bakau wood grows in mangrove areas, or we call it mangrove pile.

advantage

it helps u know the direction of your measurement in relation to magnetic bearing

disadvantage

it is affected by the weather

"Earthworks on leads" is a definition given to the process of the excavation and stockpiling process i.e.

"Earthworks on leads" shall comprise of the excavation of material on the site to achieve design lines and levels detailed on the drawings and to cart, place and stockpile the excavated material in other locations on the site as designated by the Superintendent.

Normally it's a one-two-three mix. One part cement, 2 parts sand, 3 parts aggregate. The sand is graded which means it has a variety of grain sizes.

Daves mum if fit.. and has a sweet tidy muffin.

Any thicknes plate length x with x thicknes x2.1 per plate

A fire hydrant is normally pressure regulated to 7.0barg which will be reduced to around 3.5barg at the nozzle end.

Most stainless steels have a strenght of at least 500 MPa. Most alloy steels also have that strength.

Wrot Formwork is fair finish surfaces made up of steel or iron. Formwork is when wooden boards and bolts are used to shape concrete while it is setting.

Working stress method of design based on the elastic theory in which materials, concrete and steel are assumed to be stressed well below their elastic limit under the design loads. Working stressess (permissible stress) for the materials are determined by dividing the ultimate or yield stressess by suitable factor of safety values.

Limit state method of design based on limit state concept, te structure shall be designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its life;It shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking. The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a "limit state". The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will not become unfit for the use for which is intended, that is that it will not reach a limit state...

Instead of using a distributor to determine when each cylinder fires, the car's ECU uses camshaft and crankshaft position sensors, along with MAP/MAF and throttle position sensors to determine the optimum time to fire each cylinder for the most power/lowest emissions. As opposed to fixed advance (vacuum or centrifugal) employed in distributors. Transistor Controlled Ignition is commonly referred to as Coil On Plug (COP), Transistor Controlled Ignition is just marketing bumpf to make it sound awesome.

Bec. the steel percentage in the concrete is very low therefor we dont deduct the steel qty. from the concrete qty.the Cocrete qty. vastage is more than used steel qty.

Plain Surveying

Geodetical Surveying

As per I.S code 3370 part I & II, there is 40mm tolerance for leakage for R.C.C structures. following method are used for measuring the leakage.

1) if the tank capacity more 6ml, tank should be fill by 1/3 for reading step by step and tress the leakages.

2) After tress, mark the spot and use appropriate method for attend the same. such as epoxy grouting, epoxy material and any other method which is suitable as per site condition.

3) take reading with pizometer and subtract the reading which is received from evaporation pan. take final reading. reading is taken after 24 Hr up to seven day.

Adopt this procedure for hydro testing of R.C.C structure. if leakage found more than 40mm. whole procedure should be repeat again.

HCRM is HIGH CORROSION RESISTANT MARINE GRADE STEEL - BB GOYAL

punning is the method of cement finish, in a very thin layers about 3-5mm, applied on the internal or external walls/ roofs/ beams/ columns, to give aesthetic effect as well as for seepage protection. also it is used to hide the plastering cracks.

I think it is a shell structure.

For all engineering purposes density of iron is generally taken as 7850kg/m3 though pure iron may weigh 7874 kg/m3 as mentioned in Clarke Table of isotopes.

Jet grouting is a type of ground improvement technique used to solidify and/or improve the bearing capacity of weak, unstable, or liquefiable soils. Jet grouting is performed by injecting a cement or lime-ash slurry into the subsoil using a drilling rig. As the grout column expands and solidifies the subsoil is consolidated and stabilized. This method of soil improvement allows foundation and structural construction in locations where previous geotechnical or seismic conditions deterred development..

Its to do with tension, it doesn't take much strength to break it

ACI 301-10 3.3.1.1, in part, states that reinforcement shall be free of material which could be deleterious to bond.

Some limited testing shows that certain kinds of bond breakers are not deleterious to bond between concrete and steel reinforcement. Other bond breakers (membrane forming types) undoubtedly will interfere with bond, and some materials may result in accelerated corrosion of steel reinforcement.

retti, concrete & cement