Civil Engineering

1:1.6:2.907

Itaipu Binacional's power plant construction solved a diplomatic impasse involving Brazil and Paraguay. The two countries disputed the ownership of lands in the area denominated of the Seven Falls. This area is today covered by the lake of the power plant dam. The contentious began in the century XVIII. The dispute for the Seven Falls worsened in the years 1960. The discovery of Rio Paraná's hydroelectric potential put Brazil and Paraguay again in collision route. But, instead of measuring forces, the two governments made a wise person option: to unite forces. The year of the signature of the Treaty of Itaipu, 1973, it coincides with the appearance of the world crisis provoked by the increase of the price of the petroleum (If Brazil were to use Thermal Power Generation to produce the electric power of Itaipu, 434 thousand barrels of petroleum would have to be burned every day). So, the world intensifies the exploration of renewable sources of energy as form of assuring the development for Brazil and Paraguay. Itaipu Binacional is a mark for the electric section of the two countries. Before, the Paraguayans disposed of just a hydroelectric power station of small load, Icaray. The Brazilians consolidate the option for the energy produced through the use of the force of the rivers. The plant practically folds the capacity of Brazil to generate energy. The installed potency, that it was of 16.7 thousand megawatts, it starts to count more 14 thousand megawatts. The enterprise is the third party along Rio Paraná in Brazilian territory, and the first in Paraguayan waters.

It is attributed to two reasons: 1. Strength of concrete grows faster in initial days and this process of gaining strength slow down with time. This can be said as stabilization in value of gained strength of concrete. After approximately 20 or some more days, strength value get stabilize and does not change too much with time. Therefore, compressive strength is taken after approximatley 3 weeks time. 2. These tests have to performed practically and date record is needed to be maintained. Therefore, if test duration is a multiple of 7 (7 weekdays) then it is more easy to remind. It is the reason we have 28=7x4 days to note down compressive strength of concrete. for ex: if we start test on monday then we know that after 4 weeks on same time on monday we can finish the compressive strength test.

The modulus of elasticity is a property specific to a given material and in practice is derived through laboratory testing.

The modulus of elasticity is defined as stress/strain. One would have to apply a force uniformly over a known cross section of a material and monitor the strain utilising strain gauges. When the results are plotted you will notice that you get elastic behaviour up to a point of yield (this is known as the yield stress in normal carbon steels, however in stainless steel where the yield point is not as defined, we normally accept it to be the 0.2% strain) and the material should behave linearly in this area. If you take the gradient of the stress/strain, this will be your Elastic modulus.

Please note that the plotted curve will begin to flatten off roughly at the 0.2% strain line and this is due to the fact that the material has yielded. even after this point the material will not fail but will act 'plastically' up to a point where the material fractures which we call the ultimate stress.

My uncle is a civil engineer and he earns about 17 million pounds a year and earns about 1.4 million pounds a month.

For M25 grade concrete the seven days crushing for site condition shall be not less than 67 % of M25, i.e not less than 16.75 N/mm2 But for target strength of M25 for mix design taken i.e for M25 it is 32 and the 7 days strength shall not be less than 22 N/mm2

Buckling Load: It is the highest load at which the column will buckle.

Crippling Load: It is the max load beyond that load, it cant use further it becpomes disable to use.

The buckling Load < The Crippling Load

Safety load= Crippling Load/ Factor of safety

a- However most metals and many other solids have unit cell structures described as body center cubic (bcc), face cantered cubic (fcc) or Hexagonal Close Packed (hcp).

1- iron

2- sodium

3- gold

4- cooper

5- zinc

This is hard to answer, because there is no industry standard for what a 'generation' is. It is entirely subjective.

You will need to define a 'generation' before a comparison is given. IE, there are 3 generations of AMD Phenom II processor, and over 70 generations of AMD processors. There are five major generations in processor bitrate. There are over 400 generations of individual progressments in major computer technology. There are nearly 50 different generations of individual architecture design.

Weight Calculation: Extra weight of chequers length (m) x width (m) x 2.1 = kg/plate

Total weight: length (m) x width (m) x thickness (mm) x 7.85 + extra weight = kg/plate

Eg:

2400 x 1220 x 6mm Chequer Plate

Extra weight: 2.4 x 1.22 x 2.1 = 6.15 kg/plate

Total weight: 2.4 x 1.22 x 6 x 7.85 + 6.15 = 144.06 kg/plate

[diameter]^2 / 162 kg

1.580 kg / meter

To provide a large amount of electricity... To make profit for the clients who fund the dam... Accelerate a countries economical growth...

A diesel engine converts the energy contained in the diesel fuel into mechanical energy in the form of rotation of a shaft. The shaft turns a generator which is essentially a magnet contained within a coil of wire. The generator converts the rotational energy into a voltage across the coil - electrical energy.

Diesel plants are used primarily in two applications:

1. There is a need for an emergency source of backup electrical power, and the relatively low 'first cost' of diesel generation combined with its ability to start up rather rapidly (often in 10 sec or less) are attractive features.

Incidentally, there is a special case of this 'emergency' application - in the entertainment industry, it is common for diesel gensets to be used to power lights and sound for special events. For example, rock musicians often bring in special diesel power plants to support their performances rather than relying on the available commercial supplier.

Another special case is that for the past several cycles, NBC's broadcasts of the Olympics have been powered by diesel gensets. Olympics venues are often in remote areas where the existing power infrastructure is limited and it doesn't make economic sense to expand those facilities for games lasting only two-three weeks. Also, that has allowed NBC to design one set of broadcast equipment so that they don't have to deal with the fact that the frequency of indigenous power infrastructure varies from one host country to the next.

2. There is a need for a base-load source of modest size and low first cost. This is most often the case in areas where there is no commercial power supplier, and the amount of capacity that is needed is relatively small.

The downside of diesel plants include:

1. They are very noisy.

2. They are not very efficient - diesel engines produce a lot of waste heat. Practical economies exist only if there are no local sources of fuel, and the cost of transporting diesel fuel is favorable compared with the cost of bringing in the fuels required for alternative technologies.

3. Diesel fuel has to be transported to and stored on the site. Diesel power plants that have operated for a number of years in developing areas are typically horrible examples of environmental contamination.

4. The airborn effluent from diesel plants is noxious.

5. Diesel engines require a lot of maintenance.

What is mixing ratio for concrete grade 30

There's no set answer to that, it's always a tradeoff between how well insulated the tool is, and what voltage it uses.

Equivalent length of a pipe is a term applied to express the pressure drop generated by valves and fitting in a pipe.

In literature, you usually find ratios of equivalent length to diameter of the pipe. For example, L/D for a fully opened globe valve is 300. This means that, if you have a fully opened globe valve in a pipe and the internal diameter of the pipe is ID=0.05m, then

the equivalent length for this globe valve =300*D=300*(0.05m)=15m.

Equivalent length of 15 meters means that the globe valve generates the same pressure drop as as straight 15-meter long pipe.

In the context of Civil Engineering, especially land surveying, Reduced Level "RL" refers to reducing (or equating) levels (elevations) to a common datum, which is either a real or imaginary location with a nominated elevation of zero.

The most common convenient datum was mean sea level.

On small surveys that require the collection of elevation data the datum can be assumed and for practical purposes it simply needs to be far enough below the survey area to avoid negative numbers, thus the starting point of a survey might be nominated to be RL 100.00

A typical multimeter can measure:

* AC & DC voltage (volt)

* AC & DC current (amp) * resistance (ohm)

Minimum Compressive strength of first class brick is 10.5 MPa

weight of all steel can be calculated by multiplying unit volume with density.

dynamics is basically subject which is more useful in mechanical engg but nowadays when earthquake design of building has gained importance, we, the civil engineers use the dynamic study for the structures to get help regarding earthquake design

In a memorable scene from the book, Peter Pan returned to the place where he lost his shadow and met Wendy, who sewed his shadow back on for him. The shadow was pulled off when the Darlings' dog Nana caught it and a closing window severed it. "It's quite an ordinary shadow," said Mrs. Darling when she rolled it up and put it in the drawer.

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If you are using treated lumber (pergola etc...) you need to use fasteners that are treated coated or stainless. The fasteners should be applied in pairs at each truss, top and bottom. I recommend screws, particularly in treated wood, that are twice the thickness of the purlin. ( If the purlin is 2 inches thick, use 4 inch fasteners with a minimum of 1 inch piercing into the rafters) If you live in a snowy climate, the fasteners may be subject to shearing loads that preclude the exclusive use of screws for decked or roofed spaces. In that case, you would use hot dipped ring shank nails and use screws on the ends, seams, and every third rafter, to eliminate warpage from pulling the nails out out of the rafters. If you are applying purlins over decking, mark the rafters and use a fastener that is sufficient to pierce 1inch minimum into the rafter. Once again, use dipped treated or stainless fasteners for treated lumber and it might be preferable to use them as insurance in any case. In all cases, it would be best to use local code as your guide and to make sure that your work meets building codes. Checking with the local code enforcement inspectors is a good idea and there are often conditions that require a more stringent standard than the usual, such as high wind or snow loads. Finally, if you are applying a roofing product, chances are that there is information to be had on their website and any forums for the product. It is usually a good practice to build to the highest standard, rather than to suffer the failure of your roof or project.