Comets

Comet fragments that continue to collide with Jupiter typically travel at speeds ranging from 58 to 117 kilometers per second. These high speeds result from the gravitational interactions of the comet fragments with Jupiter's immense mass, causing them to accelerate significantly as they approach the planet.

Comets are made of frozen gases and ice so when they get too close to the sun the gas and ice evaporate. As they orbit around the sun, the comet forms a tail, and the evaporation causes it to burn and give off light. I wouldn't call it "emitting" light though, because I think that to emit light, the object should be creating the light on its own. Comets don't emit light because without the sun they won't burn in the first place.

the Kuiper Belt that is found beyond the orbit of Pluto

You can only see them at night, you can only see them if Earth is facing that way and you can only see them if they come near Earth.

The term for swirling clouds of hydrogen gas out of which stars are born is "nebula."

Some meteorites probably were in the cores of asteroids, once. A meteoroid is a space rock traveling through space, while a meteor is the brief streak of light caused when a space rock hits the Earth's atmosphere. Many meteors burn up completely or explode high in the atmosphere, while some survive to strike the Earth.

Where do the meteoroids come from? Some are probably leftovers from the formation of our solar system. Others may be rocks blasted into space from explosions caused by asteroid impacts on the Earth, or Venus, or Mars, long ago. At least one meteorite found on Earth has been identified as Martian in origin, and other meteorites may have been left over from the time 4 billion years ago when another planet collided with the proto-Earth and formed the Moon!

Asteroids do occasionally collide, breaking into smaller rocks, and it is likely that at least a few of those chunks eventually find themselves falling into the Earth's gravitational well.

There are comets visible from Earth many nights, they are just too faint to be seen easily. So, there is a continuum of brightness -- comets from very faint to quite bright. The brightest are the spectacular ones that get in the news. Also, bright ones may be discovered not long before they are visible. If I remember correctly, McNaught, of January/February 2007, the second brightest comet since 1935, was discovered about 6 months before it came close.

Halley's Comet is unique because it is one of the most famous comets known to humanity due to its regular appearance every 75-76 years. It is also the only short-period comet that is visible to the naked eye from Earth and has been recorded by humans for over 2,000 years. Additionally, Halley's Comet contains a nucleus made of ice, dust, and rocky material that gradually vaporizes as it gets closer to the Sun, creating its iconic glowing tail.

All of them. Even the short-period comets like Halley spend most of their time far out from the Sun; if they spent too much time in the inner system, all of their volatile gasses and ices would melt and sublimate away.

Small lumps of rock orbiting the sun are called asteroids.

Comet orbits are typically elliptical, meaning they are elongated and not circular like planet orbits. This can result in comets having highly eccentric paths around the Sun.

Comets are considered minor members of the solar system because they are smaller and less massive than planets and asteroids. They are composed of ice, dust, and rocky material, and often have highly elliptical orbits that take them far from the Sun. Comets are less numerous and play a smaller role in the dynamics and structure of the solar system compared to planets and asteroids.

One superstitious belief about asteroids is if an asteroid crashed in the surface of the earth, the climate will become hotter. Another is that asteroids will cause great harm to the earth when it passes.

Since science has studied asteroids, there are not many superstitions about them.

The length of the comet tail increases as it approaches the Sun because the heat causes volatile materials within the comet, like ice, to sublimate (turn directly from solid to gas). This process releases gas and dust particles, creating a long tail that points away from the Sun due to solar radiation and solar wind.

After Shoemaker-Levy,a comet that hit Jupiter.Maybe Shoemaker-Levy exploded at the surface of Jupiter and created a crater.Then after Shoemaker-Levy exploded at the surface of Jupiter it started to rain C4 bombs in Jupiter! Then Jupiter Blew up!!! BOOOM!!! The End.

Comets with short orbital periods are located in the inner solar system, typically with orbits that are less than 200 years. These comets originate from the Kuiper Belt or the scattered disk region beyond Neptune and are influenced by the gravitational forces of the gas giants in the outer solar system. They have more frequent appearances in our skies compared to comets with longer orbital periods.

Halley's Comet is not dangerous to Earth. It poses no threat to our planet and its orbit is well-studied, so we can predict its movements accurately. The last time it was visible from Earth was in 1986, and it is not expected to return until 2061.

A comet has a tail composed of gases and dust. As a comet travels through space, it heats up, causing the gases and dust to vaporize and form a glowing tail that points away from the Sun due to solar wind.

A meteor, nor asteroid would have enough mass so produce the tilt of the Earth.

It's not known for sure but a good suspect is the collision that occurred about 4.5 billion years ago, when Theia, a planet about the size of Mars, smashed into Earth. The impact, not only ejected material that created the Moon, but also could have destabilised the axis of the Earth.

Comets can affect Earth in the future and have affected Earth a great deal in the past.

Primordial Earth:

Primordial Earth, particularly in the first billion years of Earth, was shaped greatly by comets and asteroids and meteorites. Based on the known populations of comets now and projections to that earlier time, there is substantial evidence that half or more of all water on Earth was brought by comets.

Comet History:

Comets were a pretty unexpected apparition in the night sky before anyone knew what they were. For thousands of years people have seen them an taken them to be some kind of omen. History records great events and decisions connected with comets. Starting around the 1600s when science and astronomy were becoming separate from astrology and magic, comets were a helpful and motivating factor in stimulating the study of the cosmos. They have been such ever since.

We now know that comets are the source of meteor showers, an amazement to mankind throughout history.

There are not many reliable examples of large comets striking the Earth in recent history, but we can be quite certain that is has happened. Comet Shoemaker-Levi was quite spectacular when it hit Jupiter in 1993, leaving a disturbance in Jupiter's atmosphere that was larger than the size of the Earth.

Comet Future:

Still a a stimulus for scientific study, comets give us an opportunity to sample material from the most distant parts of the solar system. In particular, the source of most comets is from either the Kuiper belt beyond Neptune or the far more distant Oort cloud.

Comets are large enough to be dangerous.

Comet nuclei range from about 100 meters to tens of kilometers across. They are not solid like asteroids but composed of rock, dust, water ice, and frozen gases. Still, a large comet impact on Earth could be catastrophic for life and probably has been in the distant past. Unlike asteroids, they are less likely to appear suddenly and the probabilities for such a disaster are much lower for comets than asteroids.

Many comets in the Kuiper Belt are believed to be icy remnants from the early solar system, originating from beyond Neptune's orbit. These icy bodies likely formed near the giant planets and were scattered outward due to gravitational interactions, eventually settling in the Kuiper Belt.

For the last 4.5 billion years Halley's Comet has orbited the Sun.

The last time it was visible to the naked eye on Earth was 1986.

The next near pass is likely to be about 2061.

When a comet hits a planet, it can create a large impact crater and release a significant amount of energy. The impact may cause widespread destruction of the surrounding area, including triggering earthquakes and tsunamis. Additionally, the impact can release gases and dust into the atmosphere, which may affect the planet's climate.

Anything "can" turn into a black hole, as long as it is massive enough and dense enough. For example, Earth can turn into a black hole if all its mass is squeezed into a point about a centimeter in radius. The only reason that we don't see this happening is because you can't just make Earth denser than it already is (ever try to squeeze a chunk of putty?). Just because the odds of it turning into a black hole is very small doesn't mean it can't turn into one.

{ADDED} No, a comet cannot become a black hole. It is far too small and light (low mass), and loses material every time its orbit brings it relatively close to the Sun - the characteristic tail is that lost material, which like the head, reflects Sun light so is visible. The only objects cable of becoming black holes are the extremely dense cores of very, very large stars that die as supernovae, and even then, not all them become black holes.

The Russians named their space probes that visited Halley's Comet in the mid-1980s as Vega 1 and Vega 2. These probes were part of an international effort involving the Soviet Union, the European Space Agency, and other countries to study the famous comet.