Computer Networking

The trailer protocol is a link-layer encapsulation method that rearranges the data contents of packets sent on the physical network.

by : Umesh

The trailer indicates where a frame ends. It, along with the header, encapsulates a packet, making it a frame.

by: eSeriate

Protocol architecture or TCP/IP protocol architecture also referred to as the TCP/IP protocol suite is a simple fundamental underlying design which obeys a set of rules and conventions in which communication tasks are to be performed. The communication tasks of the protocol architecture are organized into five relatively independent layers: * Physical * Network Access Layer * Internet layer * Host-to-host, or transport layer * Application Layer In my research to this question it was interested to find out that there were some who consider the protocol architecture to be comprised of only four relative independent layers which are: * Network Access Layer * Internet layer * Host-to-host, or transport layer * Application Layer

More information for each layer can be found at:

http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/windows2000serv/reskit/cnet/cnbb_tcp_kscb.mspx?mfr=true

http://www.unix.org.ua/orelly/networking/tcpip/ch01_03.htm

There are many reasons. One of them is you are trying to connect to secured network without knowing the pass phrase. Also your network adapter might not be compatible with the network. Another thing is that you mac address can be on the black list of blocked mac addresses. It's possible that the router which you are trying to connect to is using so called white list and your mac is not on that list.

A MAC address is used as a unique identifier that is assigned to network interfaces. Two networking devices that transmit packets based on MAC addresses are switches and bridges.

Technology used to modify analog signals to make the suitable for carrying data overa communication path

Go to this website, enter the information about your location and you'll get a list of cable providers that you can compare. Contact those in your area for more info and to learn about any specials they might be running as well. www.connectmycable.com

Switches are Layer 2 devices only while Routers operate at Layer 3.

Switches by definition transfer data frames by readingFrame'sDestination MAC address & sendingitout throughtheport to which mac address (if found in table) is connected. While Routers perform data transfer by reading IP Addresses on Packets.

Switches connect devices within same network number while Routers can connect several networks & support different technologies for data transportation.

If FTP did not have TCP working with it, it could be considered connectionless. TCP is connection oriented and it verifies the FTP transfers have been received. Therefore it is considered Connection Oriented.

If FTP used UDP it would be considered connectionless as UDP just sends the data and never checks to see if it all made it to the recipient -

True.

Ojt (on job training) is very important

If you mean a standard 10/100 type Network Interface Card (nic), then you connect it with a CAT5 or CAT6 cable, the connector on the end is known as an RJ45.

A bit is a single digit in binary - the system that a computer uses to count. As humans we use a number system called Denary or Decimal. This means that each column of numbers represents a power of 10, moving from right to left.

For example:

When we write a number, (512 for example) what we are really saying is:

5 1 2

(5 multiplied by 100) + (1 multiplied by 10) + 2 = 512

It's commonly believed that we use 10 as the base for our number system because we learned to count on our fingers (+ thumbs). Most of the time we have 10 digits on both hands to count on.

Computers of course, don't have hands so they have to count a different way - using electrical switches that are either on or off (just like your finger might be up or down if you were counting on them).

So computers count using a number system that's based on the number 2 - because a simple switch can only have two states - on or off.

A bit is one of those simple switches. It can have one of only two possible values - 1 or 0.

An RFC is a Request For Comment, for the discussion and development of new protocols and techniques for use on the Internet. It is run by the IETF. I have included a link to learn more about RFC in related links.

Packets

Attach the router to the Cable MODEM provided by your ISP.

Attach the computers to the router.

Your ISP and router provider should have supplied cds with installation wizards to make the connections happen automagically.

Computer firewall is a security software which acts as a barrier and protects the system from black-hat intrusion attempts. Firewalls also block communication attempts into or out of your computer; certain types of malware or software bots that attempt to send or receive data messages will be blocked. A firewall program is your computers perimeter fence, designed to keep bad guys out, and to prevent data passing into/out of your computer. Firewalls are configured in software and hardware devices with specific criteria to block or prevent unauthorized access. It has the packet filtering mechanism which checks for the packets that contain data, prevents or blocks it depending upon the rules programmed in it. Reference source: personalfirewall.comodo.com

A really big advantage for switching to PeoplePC Web Mail is that it can be accessed from any computer connected to the internet at any time, as long as the user name and password are known. Also, ease of use is another great feature.

*** In CSMA/CD it detects that a collision take place and resend the frame that was send. On a wirless network losing bandwidth along with time to detect that a collision took place was not acceptable , so CSMA/CA was utilized. ** CSMA/CD can achieve above 70% efficiency under heavy loads compared to CSMA/CA that can only achieve up to 30% efficiency under heavy loads. CSMA/CA network: A network in which the medium access control protocol requires carrier sense and where a station always starts transmission by sending a jam signal; if there is no collision with jam signals from other stations, it begins sending data; otherwise, it stops transmission and then tries again later. CSMA/CD network: A bus network in which the medium access control protocol requires carrier sense and in which exception conditions caused by collision are resolved by retransmission

The Data Link Layer of OSI reference model provides the service of error detection and control to higher layers. It accomplishes this task by having the sender break input data into data frames and transmit sequentially and process acknowledgement frames.

It have two sub layers:-
1. Logical Link Control sublayer
2. Media Access Control sublayer

Upload speeds are generally slower than download speeds because of the fact that most internet connected equipment is asymmetric. Asymmetric means that any one packet of data can either go in, or out, but not both ways at the same time.

Since most internet users are receiving more data than sending, the internet connected equipment has shifted the higher majority of the signals to go toward downloading.

If an internet provider allows your connection to be 5Mb download and 1Mb upload, this same connection is capable of handling 3Mb upload and 3 Mb download. But this would then slow down the most important part of the internet, the receiving and downloading of requested data.

1.The process of establishing a link between two devices to communicate and share information is complex.

2. The communication functions are grouped into manageable sets called as layer.

3. The design process of layer architecture is very simple as the function of each layer and their interaction are well defined.

4. It provides flexibility to modify network services.

5. Addition of new services and management of network architecture is easy.

6. Due to segmentation it is easy to solve complex problems.

The first 6 digits is the OUI(Organizationally Unique Identifiers given by vendors and then the last 6 digits are used to represent the NIC uniquely with the OUI value.

* TO maintain account details of customer * cash inflow and out flow * credit and debit details * cheque details * staff details * payroll management * fund transfer * funds management * liabilities and asset records * online banking transaction details * generation of reports

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