Computer Networking

Almost every protocol uses Client/Server architecture, LAN and WAN alike.

Advantages of client server system .

* Centralization - access, resources, and data security are controlled through the server * Scalability - any element can be upgraded when needed * Flexibility - new technology can be easily integrated into the system * Interoperability - all components (clients, network, servers) work together

Use the formula 2n - 2 to find the number of clients available in a subnet. The 'n' refers to the number of bits available for client addresses, and thus will vary depending on the starting network type (class A, B, or C).

If you are using the 0th subnet (as in Cisco routers) then the formula is 2n

VLAN stands for Virtual LAN. It is called as such because you are essentially creating "virtual" networks on the same physical piece of hardware. Imagine a network switch with 20 ports. You could assign the first 5 to VLAN1, the next to VLAN2, and so on. You would end up with 4 segregated networks, but on the same physical switch. The virtual in VLAN is referring to the fact that there is nothing phsically separating the ports on the switch, it is done "virtually".

One could assume that the question asks what the benefit of a (computer) network is.

Answer: To put it simply, networks allow for multiple computers (clients) to pull information stored on one main computer (server).

However, in peer to peer networking, the advantage would be that all computers on said network would then be able to share files with one another, and communicate.

330ft

A bus topology for a LAN will typically use coaxial cable, either 10Base5 (thicknet) or 10base2 (thin-net) copper wiring.

In general, no, you would not use a cross-over cable to connect a hub/switch/router to a PC. This is because the device itself has cross-over circuitry built into it, and if you used a cross-over cable you would be reversing that process.

The net effect is that the transmit signal would connect to another transmit signal, when it should be connected to a receive signal.

Since there is no protocol known as Ethernet Token Ring I assume you are asking about the difference between Ethernet, Token Ring, and Token Bus usage. These are all different protocols, so connecting all three types of networks is not practical.

Token Bus networks were an early attempt to get mainframes to connect to terminals through a bus topology structure, utilizing a token for arbitration. Those networks typically ran at 4 Mbps. They were also subject to the same problem as a linear bus structure with Ethernet, which is a break in the cable would bring down the entire network.

A later version of Token ring uses a ring topology structure, where a failure in the network will not bring down the entire network. It still uses a token for station arbitration, but can ran at 16 Mbps. Newer versions of HSTR can run at 100 Mbps and there is a standard for a gigabit version.

Chances are you will need to bridge between Ethernet and Token Ring (not token bus). For that, you will need a bridge, router, or gateway that can convert between the protocols. In some cases the media is different as well, going from coaxial cable to unshielded twisted pair (UTP).

So the difficulties are in correctly converting the protocols between the two, connecting different media types together, and troubleshooting problems between the two networks.

Add an additional network card to the server
Add an additional network card to the server

That is a NIC that is capable of running speeds of 100 Mbps up to 1 Gbps.

A wireless access point can function as an access point and it can also be used as a repeater....

A linear bus topology is a straight line (linear) topology which wires devices in a straight, sequential fashion (like daisy-chaining). It is characterized by a very simple and easy way to create a LAN but has problems with breaks in any of the cables in the topology.

This linear bus topology does not require a central connectivity device such as a hub, switch, or router.

Ping is used when you want to see if the host is available (does not guarantee it because many companies block ICMP protocol). Tracert is mostly used when you want to know at what point your connection does not go through.

When you borrow bits for a subnet you are intruding into the client portion of an IP address. As a result, you will lose clients in your network because the "borrowed" portion becomes the extended network prefix.

This allows you to separate your bigger network into smaller, logical networks (subnets). The number of bits borrowed will indicate the total number of smaller subnets that you can support in your network.

In each case, regardless of class of address, borrowing 4 bits gives a total of 14 subnets (in the classical sense) and 16 subnets (in Cisco).

A Broadcast.

They are called an octet.

We talk about cross-over cables when we are discussing Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables. The term might be applied to other cabling systems, but this answer will only deal with UTP cables.

UTP utilizes two pairs of cables within the bundle (of usually, four pairs or eight cables). One pair is for transmit, and the other for receive. Standards have been created for which devices will use what pairs for each function, so a "straight through" cable must be connected to two devices that have different purposes. Like a PC and a switch, or a PC and a hub, or a router and a switch/hub. The ends of UTP cables are terminated in an RJ45, eight-pin connector. Ethernet UTP connects one pair of wires to pins 1 & 2, the other to pins 3 & 6. Other standards use other pins. Which pair of wires is connected to those pins is also standardized by the Telecommunications Industry Alliance, and off-shoot of the Electronics Industry Alliance, commonly abbreviated as TIA/EIA. The standard is the 568-C standard which superseded the 568-B standard which in turn superseded the 568-A standard. Within this standard are two optional pin/pair assignment standards, known as T-568-A and T-569-B. The pin/pair assignment standards are often (erroneously) referred to as the TIA/EIA-568-A and TIA/EIA-568-B standards.

If you want to connect to like devices such as two PCs together without the intervening hub/switch, you need to have a cross-over cable so the transmit pair at one end are connected to the receive pins at the other end, and vice-versa.

To accomplish this, a cable that has pins 1 & 2 connected to a pair of wires at one end, would connect that same pair of wires to pins 3 & 6 at the other end. And the 2nd pair of wires would have the opposite connection - 3 & 6 connected to 1 & 2.

Modern network interface cards/ports an also "autosense" which pair is being used for which purpose and internally switch, so in many cases a cross-over cable is not required.

Kerberos is an example of a private key encryption service.

The TCP 3 way handshake is when the server states what ports it has open, the client requests access to the port, and the server grants access.

Layman's terms:

Server - I have beer at my place.

Client - Can I come over?

Server - Sure!

.Hello everyone,

Here's my overview:

Hello everyone, I seem to have a problem with this custom subnet masking problem. Number needed usable hosts:60 Network Address:198.100.10.0 I've already figured these: Address Class:C Default Subnet Masks 255.255.255.0 Total Number Of Host Addresses:64 Number Of Usable Address:62. Cannot Figure Out: Total Number Of Subnets, Custom Subnet Masks (I got 255.255.255.240 but checked online and wasn't right). Can someone help me with this problem? Thanks.

circuit switching

data bearer channel

time-division multiplexing

Because this is the way you can easily and quickly isolate the network portion from the host portion of the address to just get the network id, which would be using for routing purposes.

Are you sure you're not looking for MAC address?

Your IP address is usually assigned through the DHCP server.

Each NIC or Network Adapter is assigned a unique MAC address so that NIC can be easily identified on networks.

the ip address you would use to test your own network card would be 127.0.0.1