Database Design

A single item of information in a database is referred to as a data field. It represents a specific piece of data stored within a record or a row in a database table. Examples of data fields include names, addresses, phone numbers, and dates.

Data integration is the process of combining data from multiple sources into a unified view. It involves extracting data, transforming it to fit the desired structure, and loading it into a target database or data warehouse. This ensures that data is consistent, accurate, and available for analysis across the organization.

For performance reasons, i.e., since you have already taken the hit to locate a row (presumably using a where clause) you might as well get all the information needed at once. If on the other hand you query multiple times your application will be very slow.

A school database should include fields such as student information (e.g. name, grade level, contact details), teacher information (e.g. name, subject taught, contact details), class information (e.g. class name, schedule, teacher assigned), and grades or academic records. Additional fields may include attendance records, extracurricular activities, and disciplinary records.

A primary key is a unique identifier for each record in a database table. It ensures that each record can be uniquely identified and helps maintain data integrity by preventing duplicate records. The primary key is used to establish relationships between tables in a relational database.

hoarding

Paper-based records are vulnerable to physical damage such as fire or water, can be lost or misplaced easily, and require physical storage space which can be costly. Additionally, sharing and accessing paper records can be cumbersome compared to digital records.

The Oracle database process responsible for reading data from datafiles is the Database Writer (DBWR) process. This process ensures that the data blocks in memory are periodically written to the datafiles on disk to ensure data integrity and durability.

A database can be more effective by optimizing queries to improve performance, properly indexing tables to speed up data retrieval, and maintaining data integrity through proper normalization and validation techniques. Regular maintenance such as backup and recovery processes can also help ensure the database runs smoothly and efficiently.

No, a database is a structured collection of data organized in a way that allows for efficient storage, retrieval, and manipulation of information. Data is typically stored in tables with rows and columns, making it easier to search for specific information and perform operations on the data.

Redundancy - Repetative storage of data leading to possible multiple versions and/or ill utilisation of data storage capacity.

Inconsistency - Failure to adhere to standardised storage of data; usage of varying formats, non-confirmation to standardised/defined methods to store similar/related data.

First level: The main process is "Manage Student Information." Sub-processes include "Add Student Information," "Update Student Information," and "Delete Student Information." Second level: Under "Add Student Information," sub-processes could be "Enter Student Details" and "Save Student Information." Third level: Under "Enter Student Details," activities could include "Enter Personal Information," "Enter Contact Information," and "Enter Enrollment Details."

A Storyboard enables designers and producers to pre-visualise their work before commencement.

Advantages:

- for a website the developer is able to check that all navigational links are correct

- a overall picture of what the website will looklike which enables the developer to improve the quality by identifying and flaws or faults in the design

- it allows for the best possible design to be reached by constantly overviewing the overall picture

Disadvantages:

- bum.

Data servers are good if data transfer is small with respect to computation,

which is often the case in applications of OODBs such as computer

aided design. In contrast, in typical relational database applications such as

transaction processing, a transaction performs little computation butmay touch

several pages, which will result in a lot of data transfer with little benefit in a

data server architecture. Another reason is that structures such as indices are

heavily used in relational databases, and will become spots of contention in

a data server architecture, requiring frequent data transfer. There are no such

points of frequent contention in typical current-day OODB applications such

as computer aided design.

An academic database is an online collection of scholarly articles, research papers, books, and other academic sources which are peer-reviewed and deemed credible. It enables researchers, students, and scholars to access and retrieve information on a wide range of topics for their academic and professional work. These databases often require a subscription or institutional access to use.

An ER diagram for a school management system typically includes entities such as Student, Teacher, Course, Classroom, and Enrollment. Relationships between these entities can be depicted using cardinality and participation constraints to show how they are connected (e.g., a student enrolls in courses taught by teachers in specific classrooms). The ER diagram serves as a visual representation of the database schema for the school management system.

A data model is a collection of concepts that can be used to describe the structure of a database.

Data models can be broadly distinguished into 3 main categories-

1)high-level or conceptual data models (based on entities & relationships)

It provides concepts that are close to the way many users perceive data.

2)lowlevel or physical data models

It provides concepts that describe the details of how data is stored in the computer.

These concepts are meant for computer specialist, not for typical end users.

3)representational or implementation data models (record-based,object-oriented)

It provide concepts that can be understood by end users. These hide some details of data storage but can be implemented on a computer system directly.

Data redundancy refers to repetitive data in the database. In a system with redundant data it is difficult to manage the relationships. Data redundancy is the result of poorly designed database. By implying proper constraints on the data it can be prevented.

"A data model is a collection of concepts that can be used to describe the structure of a database."

Data models can be broadly distinguished into 3 main categories-

1)high-level or conceptual data models (based on entities & relationships) - It provides concepts that are close to the way many users perceive data.

2)lowlevel or physical data models - It provides concepts that describe the

details of how data is stored in the computer.These concepts are meant for

computer specialist, not for typical end users.

3)representational or implementation data models (record-based,object-

0riented) - It provide concepts that can be understood by end users. These

hide some details of data storage but can be implemented on a computer

system directly.

An ER diagram of a library database management system helps to keep all aspects of running a library organized. The diagram should include the books and publishers, as well as members of the library and who has checked out which books.

In database we store data however the can be redundant. Redundancy means repetitive data that is taking extra storage space . So to reduce or prevent the storage space we should eliminate redundancy or just reduce it.

Good information in computer systems should be accurate, timely, relevant, complete, and easily accessible. It should also be reliable, consistent, and secure to ensure data integrity and proper decision-making. Additionally, good information should be presented in a user-friendly format that makes it easy to understand and analyze.

Logical data independence refers to the key feature of database management system that helps maintain data integrity and the overall effectiveness of the data usage. It is very important as it allows for the modification of the conceptual schema without disturbing the external schema.

An information report is a type of writing that presents factual information about a specific topic. It typically includes an introduction, body paragraphs with relevant details, and a conclusion summarizing key points. The purpose of an information report is to inform the reader about a subject using clear and concise language.