Database Design

Databases store electronic representations of data, but traditional file systems generally store paper with data written on it. In a traditional file system a file folder is the the way records are grouped, but in a database records are indexed in many ways, both by "file folder" and by record or data field. With relational database approaches relationships can be established between data in records and new records can be created from crossing files and even databases.

1. WOrkflow/ Mapping is valid or not.

2. Are they in proper location.

3. Status of target table before running the loading.

4. Status of target table after loading.

5. Check if the data which is supposed to load to the target table as per the mapping logic is loaded or not.

6. If there is an Update / Delete Logic the expected data got Updated or Deleted or not.

---- For 3 to 6 generally take help of SQL ----

7. Check if the process completed successfully without any error or not ( See log Files

Think of it like this, draw a box on a piece of paper and right "start" in it. Then what happens from there? What if the user clicks a button? Well lets say the clicks the maximize window button. Well what happens? Draw a line to another box with "Maximise window function" in it. Draw a line from start to the new box and write a little note beside that line "Clicked maximise window button." And you continue doing this for any function that you want to include. This is great for start a new program or debugging a program you have already wrote.

Good information is accurate, relevant, timely, and easily understandable. It should be reliable, coming from credible sources and free from bias. Additionally, good information should be able to help in making informed decisions or solving problems.

1. Limited storage capacity compared to digital databases, making it difficult to scale as data grows.
2. Susceptibility to physical damage, such as fire or water damage, risking loss of important information.

A good information system should be reliable, accurate, secure, user-friendly, and timely. It should also be able to efficiently collect, store, process, and distribute information to support the organization's goals and decision-making processes.

Setting and getting session attributes is fairly easy. It is the same in both Servlets and JSPs with one exception. In a JSP, you already have access to the session object, and you do not have to declare it. In a Servlet, you must get the session like this: javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = request.getSession(); Once you have done that, you can set a session object like this: session.setAttribute("name","value"); To retrieve the value, do this: String foo = (String) session.getAttribute("name"); A couple of things to keep in mind: * The second parameter in the setAttribute method is an Object, not a String. When you retrieve the value, you have to cast it. In the example above, I am casting it to a String. * If you try to perform a getAttribute on a session attribute that does not exist, or was not set, it will return a null. * Session attributes are not available using JavaScript. You can not set or get an attribute in JavaScript. * You do NOT need to do the 'session = request.getSession() in a JSP. It is only necessary in a Servlet.

Data independence is a form of database management that keeps data separated from all programs that make use of the data. As a cornerstone for the idea of a DBMS or database management system, data independence ensures that the data cannot be redefined or reorganized by any of the programs that make use of the data. In this manner, the dataremains accessible, but is also stable and cannot be corrupted by the applications using it.

Paper database is a traditional way of storing information. It has the following disadvantages :1) The data is not easy to handle , complete human effort required .

2) The data can be easily lost and also difficult to manage.

3) The data is difficult to access, everything has to be done manually.

Stand-alone information systems are used to perform specific tasks without needing to be connected to a network. They are typically employed in situations where data security, ease of use, or reliability is paramount. Examples include ATMs, point-of-sale systems, and personal devices like laptops or smartphones.

The first database management system (DBMS), known as the Integrated Data Store, was developed by Charles Bachman in 1963. This marked the beginning of modern database systems.

If it is filing cabinet it may be hard to find the specific file you are searching for , also if there is a fire you will ose all the data however this problem can be solved by a computer-based data base

Data that is necessary for achieving the objectives of a system or organization should be stored, such as customer information, product details, transaction records, and relevant metrics. It is important to consider data privacy and security regulations when determining what data to store. Additionally, only data that will be actively used or analyzed should be stored to prevent unnecessary clutter.

A finite loop executes a specific number of times based on its condition, while an infinite loop runs indefinitely without cessation. Finite loops have a predetermined endpoint, while infinite loops continue without a defined stopping condition until manually interrupted. Improperly written infinite loops can lead to system crashes or unresponsive programs.

It takes forever to find things.

Data ages and is difficult to update.

Fire hazard.

Duplicate entries, because it is hard to find.

Storage limitations. It takes up room.

I know that is not 2, but paper based databases are worthless, and I am trying to explain why. At least use excel.

im my own words:

data can be lost easaly and if you need to make a copy you'd have to write it all again

Disadvantage is that it's bulky and you can only search by a single parameter ( either name or date etc).The disadvantages would be that it is very hard to sort out all the information and you might not be able to search for information

It takes forever to find things.

Data ages and is difficult to update.

Fire hazard.

Duplicate entries, because it is hard to find.

Storage limitations. It takes up room.

A scanner is used to create digital copies of physical documents or images, which can then be stored, viewed, or manipulated electronically. It allows for easy sharing, editing, and organization of paper documents or pictures.

A database is nothing but simply a collection of records. The data can be stored all at a same place or can be distributed in different systems . When data is stored in different places that is distributed it is called distributed database.

A database is normally stored in one place. That could be a physical location, like a particular office. A distributed database is one database that has different parts of it stored in different places. This is often for security and safety purposes. To a user, they still see all of the data they need on their screen, so they don't even realise that it is stored in different locations.

A database is useful because it provides a centralized system for storing, managing, and retrieving data efficiently. It helps maintain data integrity, enables data sharing among multiple users, enhances data security through access control, and supports complex queries and analysis.

A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a type of DBMS that stores data in a structured format using tables with rows and columns, and enforces relationships between data. A DBMS, on the other hand, is a broader term that encompasses various systems for managing databases, including relational, object-oriented, and NoSQL databases. In summary, an RDBMS is a specific type of DBMS that organizes data in a relational model.

Advantages of relational data model include data integrity through normalization, flexibility to query data using SQL, and ease of understanding relationships between entities. Disadvantages can include performance issues with complex queries, potential for data duplication across tables, and difficulty in scaling for very large datasets.

1. Lack of scalability: Relational databases can struggle with scalability as the data grows in size and complexity.
2. Performance issues: Join operations and complex queries can lead to slower performance in relational databases.
3. Data redundancy: Normalization in relational databases can result in storing data in multiple tables, leading to redundancy and inefficiency.

Second normal form is valid in a table which have composite primary key which is made with the combination of two columns.So if we have A,B,C,D,E attributes in our table and C,D are fully functional dependent on A,B.But E is partially functional dependent on A,B,Mean if we use Only B to define E coloumn then that will be suffecent.so then we use 2nd normal form & we create two tables with coloumns attributes A,B,C,D and the other table with coloumns attribute B,E.That will be called second normal form.