Database Programming

If the dropped table is a base table for a view , then dbms like oracle invalidates these dependent views but does not drop them. But you cannot use these unless you re-create the table.

press the shift Bar and then the : colon Bar and the press shift and the nine at the same time and it will automatically change to a round smiley face isn't that cool

fixed length database

it describes the instance of one entity is associated with each instances of an entity

depending upon the range of cardinality constraints are two types

they are

minimum cardinality

maximum cardinality

making the system available

The answer is similar to the functions of DBMS

Data Storage, Retrieval and Update

A User-Accessible Catalog

Transaction Support

Concurrency Control Services

Recovery Services

Authorization Services

Support for Data Communication

Integrity Services

Services to Promote Data Independence

Utility Services

-Afif Omar IIUM 2011/2012 (AAFCO)

Data Normalization - is the process of evaluating and correcting table structures to minimize data redundancies and reduce data anomalies (insert, update and delete).

It works through a series of stages called normal forms, typically 1,2 and 3 and uses the technique of identifying functional dependency to check compliance at each stage.

Basically it attempts to store data only once and in the correct place, so that when any changes are made to the database there is no chance that there is another copy of this information stored somewhere else and hence could lead to the above mentioned (insert, update and delete) anomalies.

Basic surface entities refer to fundamental elements that can be observed or identified on a surface. These typically include features such as texture, color, shape, and material composition. In various fields, such as materials science, geography, and computer graphics, understanding these entities helps in analyzing and interpreting surface characteristics and behaviors. They serve as the foundational components for more complex surface interactions and analyses.

internal and external CRM Modules.

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A View is similar to a Table and can be mistaken for a table by a novice application developer.

CREATE VIEW VIEW_NAME AS SQL QUERY

Here the SQL Query includes the Select query on a table that is to be displayed as a View.

The view is a read only structure that only displays contents from a table and the user cannot insert or update or delete any data in the underlying table.

Views are generally created to impose access restrictions to a specific subset of users whom you do not want to give full access but at the same time want them to view the data.

yes

class diagram for payroll system

index field

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1. Program-Data Dependence. File descriptions are stored within each application program that accesses a given file.
2. Duplication of Data. Applications are developed independently in file processing systems leading to unplanned duplicate files. Duplication is wasteful as it requires additional storage space and changes in one file must be made manually in all files. This also results in loss of data integrity. It is also possible that the same data item may have different names in different files, or the same name may be used for different data items in different files.
3. Limited data sharing. Each application has its own private files with little opportunity to share data outside their own applications. A requested report may require data from several incompatible files in separate systems.
4. Lengthy Development Times. There is little opportunity to leverage previous development efforts. Each new application requires the developer to start from scratch by designing new file formats and descriptions
5. Excessive Program Maintenance. The preceding factors create a heavy program maintenance load.
6. Integrity Problem. The problem of integrity is the problem of ensuring that the data in the database is accentuate.

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Each column in a database table represents an attribute reg. the data that is held in that table. For ex:

Table Employee can contain employee number, name, age, date of joining etc. Each of these items would be stored as individual columns in the Employee table.