Decade - 1900s

Up to the early 1900s, the abacus was primarily used by merchants, traders, and educators in the Caribbean, particularly among communities engaged in commerce. It served as an essential tool for performing calculations in trade, accounting, and education, especially in areas with limited access to advanced calculating tools. Individuals from various cultural backgrounds, including European, African, and Indigenous populations, utilized the abacus in their daily economic activities and learning environments.

Entrepreneurship in the 1900s was often characterized by small-scale, local businesses focused on manufacturing and trade, with limited access to technology and resources. In contrast, entrepreneurship in the 2000s has been significantly influenced by globalization and digital technologies, enabling startups to scale rapidly and reach global markets. Additionally, modern entrepreneurs benefit from advanced funding options like crowdfunding and venture capital, as well as a greater emphasis on innovation and social impact. The rise of the internet has also transformed marketing, distribution, and customer engagement, creating new opportunities and challenges for entrepreneurs.

In "The U.S.," Novikov portrays the United States as a complex and multifaceted society characterized by both opportunity and contradiction. He highlights the cultural diversity and technological advancements that define American life, while also addressing issues such as social inequality and political challenges. Novikov's perspective captures the dynamic nature of the U.S., emphasizing its role as a global leader and a place of both aspiration and disillusionment. Overall, his description reflects a nuanced understanding of the American experience.

Americans rejected Marxism in the early 1900s primarily due to a strong belief in individualism and capitalism, which were integral to the American identity. The association of Marxism with violent revolution and the Bolshevik regime in Russia also fostered fear and skepticism. Additionally, the prevailing economic prosperity and the rise of the middle class created a sense of optimism about the capitalist system, further diminishing the appeal of Marxist ideas. Lastly, anti-communist sentiment, particularly during the Red Scare, solidified opposition to Marxism in American society.

The textile industry was the first to benefit from the Industrial Revolution. Innovations such as the spinning jenny, water frame, and power loom revolutionized textile production, significantly increasing efficiency and output. This shift marked the transition from hand production methods to machine-based manufacturing, setting the stage for broader industrial advancements.

In the early 1900s, laborers' wages varied significantly depending on their occupation and location. Generally, unskilled laborers earned between $1 and $3 per day, while skilled workers might make $3 to $6 daily. However, these wages often fluctuated due to economic conditions and labor market demands. Additionally, many workers faced long hours and poor working conditions, which affected their overall earnings and quality of life.

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, world trade significantly boosted the American economy by expanding markets for U.S. goods and facilitating the growth of industries such as steel, textiles, and agriculture. The rise of global trade routes and advancements in transportation, like railroads and steamships, enabled faster distribution of products. Additionally, the influx of foreign goods and investment spurred innovation and competition, ultimately contributing to the rapid industrialization and urbanization of the United States during this period. This economic expansion also helped establish the U.S. as a major player in the global market.

In 1901, Topeka, Kansas, hosted the first-ever state-wide celebration marking the completion of the Kansas State Capitol building. This event attracted significant attention and highlighted the city's role in the state's governance. Additionally, the local community was involved in various cultural and social activities, reflecting the growth and development of Topeka during that time.

One direct effect of the assembly line on labor in the early 1900s was the significant increase in production efficiency. By breaking down the manufacturing process into simpler, repetitive tasks, workers could produce goods much faster than traditional methods allowed. This led to a rise in factory employment, but also resulted in monotonous work and often lower job satisfaction, as employees performed the same task repeatedly. Additionally, it contributed to the rise of mass production and the availability of more affordable consumer goods.

Woodrow Wilson, the 28th President of the United States, stressed the importance of spreading democracy throughout the world. He believed that promoting democracy was essential for achieving lasting peace and stability, particularly after World War I. Wilson's vision was articulated in his Fourteen Points, where he advocated for self-determination and democratic governance as fundamental principles for international relations. Talf, on the other hand, is not a recognized figure associated with this ideology.

The United States became the most industrialized country by the 1900s due to a combination of abundant natural resources, a large labor force fueled by immigration, and significant technological advancements. The expansion of the railroads facilitated transportation and trade, while government policies, including tariffs and land grants, supported industrial growth. Additionally, a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship, along with access to capital, allowed for the rapid development of industries such as steel, oil, and manufacturing. These factors collectively propelled the U.S. to the forefront of industrialization during this period.

In "Number the Stars," the German soldiers show a lack of respect for the Johansens by treating them with disdain and suspicion, as they are occupying their country and enforcing oppressive rules. The soldiers invade their home, searching for hidden Jews, and display an arrogant demeanor, disregarding the Johansens' rights and dignity. Their actions reflect a broader attitude of contempt towards the Danish people, particularly those who resist their authority. This lack of respect highlights the oppressive nature of the occupation during World War II.

The 20th Century is often referred to as the "Killing Century" due to the unprecedented scale of violence and conflict that characterized the era, including two World Wars, numerous genocides, and widespread civil wars. The century saw the deaths of millions from direct military action, as well as from state-sponsored atrocities such as the Holocaust and the Cambodian genocide. Additionally, the use of nuclear weapons and the Cold War's proxy conflicts further contributed to the massive loss of life. This combination of warfare, political repression, and ideological extremism marked the century as one of the deadliest in human history.

The nationalist revolt in China was called the Boxer Rebellion because it was led by a group known as the "Boxers," who were officially called the "Righteous and Harmonious Fists." This group opposed foreign influence and intervention in China, particularly from Western powers and Japan, and sought to promote Chinese nationalism and traditional values. The name "Boxers" arose from their martial arts practices and the physical training they underwent, which they believed would make them invulnerable to bullets and harm. The rebellion occurred between 1899 and 1901 and was marked by violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian sentiment.

Australia gained independence from Britain through a gradual process rather than a single event. Key milestones included the Federation in 1901, which united the six colonies into the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Statute of Westminster in 1931, which granted legislative independence. Finally, the passage of the Australia Act in 1986 removed the remaining constitutional ties to the UK, solidifying Australia's status as a fully sovereign nation.

Cities like Chicago continued to grow in the 1900s due to industrialization, which attracted a large influx of workers seeking jobs in factories and manufacturing. The expansion of transportation networks, particularly railroads, facilitated trade and the movement of people. Additionally, immigration brought diverse populations that contributed to the city's cultural vibrancy and economic development. This combination of factors led to significant urban growth and development throughout the century.

The open range primarily referred to vast areas of land in the western United States, including regions such as Texas, Wyoming, Montana, and Colorado. This land was characterized by its lack of fences and abundant grasslands, making it ideal for cattle grazing. The open range era, which peaked in the late 19th century, allowed cattle ranchers to roam their livestock freely across these expansive territories. However, the open range system eventually declined due to the introduction of barbed wire and the consolidation of land ownership.

The Great Migration refers to the movement of approximately six million African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West between 1916 and 1970, with the first major wave occurring during the early to mid-1900s. This migration was driven by factors such as the search for better economic opportunities, escape from systemic racism and Jim Crow laws, and the desire for improved living conditions. Major cities like Chicago, Detroit, and New York saw significant increases in African American populations during this time, profoundly impacting the cultural and social landscape of these urban areas. The Great Migration also laid the groundwork for the Civil Rights Movement by fostering new communities and raising awareness of racial injustices.

Victorian children often dipped matches in a mixture of sulfur and other chemicals to create striking surfaces for easy ignition. This practice was hazardous, as the materials used were toxic and could lead to health issues. Additionally, many children were employed in match factories, where they faced dangerous working conditions due to exposure to harmful substances like phosphorus. The use of such chemicals highlighted the exploitation and poor safety standards prevalent during the Victorian era.

The Aryans had a profound and lasting impact on India, particularly through the establishment of the caste system, which structured society into hierarchical groups based on occupation and social status. They introduced the Vedic texts, which shaped Hindu philosophy, rituals, and cultural practices. The Aryan influence also contributed to the development of early Indian languages and literature, laying the foundation for many aspects of Indian civilization that persisted for centuries.

During the 1800s and early 1900s, Japan experienced significant population growth, particularly following the Meiji Restoration in 1868, which led to modernization and improvements in public health. The population surged from approximately 30 million in the early 1800s to around 50 million by the early 1900s. This growth was partly driven by declining mortality rates and increased agricultural productivity. However, Japan also faced challenges such as urbanization and social changes that accompanied its rapid modernization.

America's reluctance to engage in Vietnam stemmed from its broader Cold War strategy, which aimed to contain the spread of communism. Many Americans were initially skeptical about the conflict's relevance to U.S. security and the potential for a protracted, costly war. Additionally, growing anti-war sentiment, fueled by media coverage of the conflict's brutality and a lack of clear objectives, further eroded public support. The combination of these factors contributed to a widespread desire to avoid deep involvement in Vietnam.

In the early 1900s, progressives sought to eliminate various social and political issues stemming from industrialization, urbanization, and corruption. They aimed to address problems such as poor working conditions, child labor, and inadequate public health and education systems. Additionally, progressives worked to combat political corruption and promote greater democracy through reforms like women's suffrage and the direct election of senators. Their efforts were driven by a desire for social justice, economic equity, and increased government accountability.

The four main European countries that engaged in exploration beginning in the 1900s were Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. These nations sought to expand their empires and influence, often focusing on Africa and Asia. Their explorations were driven by interests in resources, trade routes, and geopolitical power. This period marked significant developments in colonialism and the competition among European powers.

In the early 1900s, American homes varied significantly based on location, socioeconomic status, and cultural background. Many middle-class families lived in modest houses with basic amenities, while poorer households often resided in cramped tenements or shantytowns, lacking proper sanitation and heating. Urbanization led to crowded living conditions, especially in cities, where industrialization spurred rapid population growth. Overall, homes were generally smaller and less equipped than modern standards, reflecting the economic realities of the time.