Dutch to English

That's very old Dutch, in new dutch it's Nu elk zijn zin. A translation for that is "Now everybody's got it their way" or something.

This page explains it a bit more:

What_is_'Nu_Elck_Syn_Sin'_in_English

"Castle" is an English equivalent of "kasteel."

The Dutch word is a noun. Its singular definite article is "het" ("the"). Its singular indefinite article is "een" ("a, one").

"Wheel" is an English equivalent of "wiel."

The invention of the wheel is considered a giant leap for humankind. Traditionally, the wheel's inventors are thought to be the Mesopotamian peoples who settled between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers around 7,000 years ago. But scientists are revisiting that conclusion on the basis of improved technology and additional archaeological finds.

Specifically, it now appears that the invention of the wheel also took place about the same time in the areas of the present Balkans, central Europe and the northern Caucasus. In fact, the earliest known artistic depictions of the wheel are from outside Mesopotamia. Indeed, they instead are found in connection with the Funnelbeaker culture of people living in southern Poland by 3500 B.C.E. - 3350 B.C.E.

"Leerzaam moment" is a Dutch equivalent of "teachable moment."

The Dutch word "moment" takes as its singular definite article "het" ("the"). Its singular indefinite article is "een" ("a"). The adjective ''leerzaam" means "teachable."

There're 2 meanings of the word.

The 1st one is: When someone is "knap" he is "handsome"

2nd one: "Dat is ""knap"" gedaan" = "That is welldone"

But don't get confused with "well done" since we usually say "Dat is goed gedaan"

Where goed = good (well).

"Goed! Ik leer Nederlands. Groetjes!" may be one answer to the Dutch phrases "Hoi! Hoe gaat? Hoe kan het dat jij Nederlands spreekt? Groetjes!"

Specifically, in terms of the answer "goed" means "fine, good, well." It is in response to the words "Hoi! Hoe gaat?" ("Hello! How are you?")

The statement "Ik leer Nederlands" means "I'm learning Dutch." It is in answer to the question "Hoe kan het dat jij Nederlands spreekt?" ("How is it possible that you speak Dutch?")

Both sets of Dutch phrases end on the same note with "Groetjes" ("greetings, regards," etc.).

"van" means "belonging to" or "from"

for example:

this is mine = dit is VAN mij

You could just translate it with 'of': Het boek van mijn vader: "The book of my father"