Electrical Wiring

its cuz they r so awesomely electric if u eat an aple u can get shoked and die

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The vegetable to conduct electricity it must contain free ions like in lemon, which contains free ions as it is acidic.

For cables in 'Free Air', that is, not routed through conduit, it depends on the Temperature rating of the cable; 60 deg C: 40 amps, 75 deg C: 50 amps, 90 deg C: 55 amps <><><>

As always, if you are in doubt about what to do, the best advice anyone should give you is to call a licensed electrician to advise what work is needed.

Before you do any work yourself,

on electrical circuits, equipment or appliances,

always use a test meter to ensure the circuit is, in fact, de-energized.

IF YOU ARE NOT ALREADY SURE YOU CAN DO THIS JOB

SAFELY AND COMPETENTLY

REFER THIS WORK TO QUALIFIED PROFESSIONALS.

This applies to three-phase transformer connections. 'Phase shift' or 'angular displacement', is defined as 'the angle by which the secondary line-to-line voltage lags the primary line-to-line voltage'.

Angular displacement depends on the type of transformer connection. The most common are:

• delta/delta results in an angular displacement of 0o or 180o
• wye/wye results in an angular displacement of 0o or 180o
• delta/wye results in an angular displacement of 30o or 210o
• wye/delta results in an angular displacement of 0o or 180o

The angular displacement for all possible combinations of three-phase transformer connections are listed in transformer vector group charts.

Angular displacement determines whether or not it would be possible to parallel different types of three-phase transformer connections. For example, from the above data, it would be impossible to parallel, for example, a delta/delta transformer with a delta/wye transformer.

An Automatic Power Factor Correction (Controller) panel is used to Save Energy by consistently maintaining higher power factor. Low Power Factor leads to poor power efficiency, thereby increasing the apparent power drawn from the distribution network. This results in overloading of Transformer, Bus bars, Switch gears, Cables and other distribution devices within the Industry or consumer area.

With an APFC the energy producer can:

• Avoid Penalization for lower power factor.
• Enjoy incentives for higher power factor operation being extended to Industries by some Electricity Boards/ Companies.
• Optimize the connected load for improved plant load factor.
• Avoid manual disruption.
• Avoid high current consumption losses.
• Improvement in voltage regulation.
• Decrease Maximum Demand KVA, thus avoiding penalty and Demand Charges.

From one phase to the next you should see 208 Volts.

From any phase to ground you should see 121 Volts.

You are very unlikely to come across a two-phase machine, as two-phase a.c. systems are archaic. A two-phase system has two phase voltages that are 90 degrees out of phase with each other, and was used many years' ago. These days, you have either single phase or three phase. So it's probably safe to say that there are no two-phase motors about, these days!

The voltage drop in a cable is the current multiplied by the resistance. For a twin-wire cable the resistances of the two wires are added. Cable resistance for different sizes of cables can be looked up in wire tables.

More detailed answer for USA, Canada and countries running a 60 Hz supply service.

Voltage drop and cable size can be calculated by looking at tables that are available in the National Electrical Code. Some of these tables are difficult to understand and will require you to seek assistance. You can also determine the amount of voltage drop over a distance by finding the resistance of the cable for a specific temperature(given in ohms/1000ft)from the cable manufacturer or electrical wholesaler. If you know the largest amount of current that will flow in the cable, then use the formula:

Vdrop = Current X Distance(Ft) X 2 X Ohms per 1000Ft x 0.001

[Note: the 0.001 fixes an earlier error in the formula where the contributor didn't divide out 1000 ft by using R/1000ft!]

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Voltage drop is a complicated calculation done by electricians. I don't know what you're trying to run but let me just give you the rule of thumb. If you run out over 200 feet of wire for the job in hand, you should jump up a wire size in order to have sufficient voltage at the other end. For example. Let's say you are going to wire and out building for your workshop and you need only 120 volt receptacles at the shop end to run your power tools. Power tools run at the nominal voltage of 120 volts, but they operate within a range, say 108 to 128. This allows for how close your are to your distribution companies source. I don't know what your starting voltage is so that's why the rule of thumb. To your outbuilding you only need #12 to carry 20 amps for your tools and lights etc. If you have to exceed that distance, then you would jump up to #10 in order to have sufficient voltage at the other end. If you are starting at 115 volts at your house, and are running 100 feet, I would still up the wire size. You can't go wrong by going one size bigger on your wire. When in doubt, always consult a qualified electrician.

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Many electricians wire for no more than 5% voltage drop. This is usually fine since appliances and power tools are made to operate over a range of voltages. For a more expensive way to wire a house, you can try wiring for no more than 2% voltage drop. In this case, if you are running 20 amps, you need to up the wire size to #10 if you go more than 35 feet. In general, the percentage voltage drop decreases with a higher starting voltage. To see this, play around with the formula for voltage drop given in terms of resistance. The resistance of various sizes of wires can be found in the CRC handbook. Practically, this means you lose less power to voltage drop if you choose a 240 volt appliance instead of a 120 volt one. And you lose a lot with low voltage lighting running on 10 or 12 volts.

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The formula for voltage drop is Vd=KIL/CSA where Vd stands for voltage drop, K stands for the resistivity factor of the material [I think copper is around 7 and aluminum 11], I is the current in Amperes, L is the round trip length of conductor, CSA is cross-sectional area of the conductor in circular mils

You can get the CSA values from chapter 9 table 8 of the NEC

CSA for 14 is 4,110; 10 is 10,380; 8 is 16,510; 6 is 26,240

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As always, if you are in doubt about what to do, the best advice anyone should give you is to call a licensed electrician to advise what work is needed.

Before you do any work yourself,

on electrical circuits, equipment or appliances,

always use a test meter to ensure the circuit is, in fact, de-energized.

IF YOU ARE NOT ALREADY SURE YOU CAN DO THIS JOB

SAFELY AND COMPETENTLY

REFER THIS WORK TO QUALIFIED PROFESSIONALS.

The voltage you are referring to is a 'line-to-line' voltage ('line voltage'), as there is no such thing as a 'phase-to-phase' voltage.

480 volts. In real life, the voltage will vary slightly by up to 3% (14 V) on a properly sized circuit. Line to neutral will measure 277 volts, plus or minus 3%.

the cable sizes are...:

lighting=1mm-1.5mm

sockets-boiler controls=2.5mm

cooker=6mm

shower=10mm (can vary depending on the showers output)

earthing conductor of 10mm

earth bonding conductors of 6mm

25mm tailings (you're supply cables from the meter)

The sizes also depend on weather or not the cable is wired in old colours (i have only entered the new cable sizes)

circuits used are...:

ring main.

radial=only used if there are limited sockets being installed on a circuit.

lighting is just 1 cable going out and spreading to each light and switch (upstairs and downstairs lighting should be on a separate mcb)

cooker-1 cable going out of mcb.

shower-1 cable going out of mcb.

I hope this information helps as i don't fully understand what you are wanting to know from you're question. If you need any more help please let me know, or anyone else for that matter.