Electronics Engineering

the hybrid equivalent or the h-parameter are used for small signal, low freq. applications.

i) h-parameters can be measured easily

ii) they are more independent of each other like frequency and operating point

iii) h-parameters are real no. at audio frequencies.

iv) they are = value of input impedance and output admittance

adikan

f UK u

A switch turns an electric machine off or on. An amplifier makes an electric machine louder. Amplifiers are used to make music louder when guitars are hooked up to them.

Undesired current flow across the surface of a semiconductor device due to contamination of that surface. This disturbs the operation of the device and causes a variety of failures.

Insulators can also have surface leakage current for similar reasons.

introduction of electromagnetic interference on daily life

Perhaps this will help?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodyne

Of course it depends entirely on the ohm's resistance of the resistor. The higher the resistance, the lower the comparison to a short circuit.

depends on whether you would like calculate or measured results. if you want calculated resulted, then your best bet would be to use an oscilloscope. if you want calculated results, then there are formulas for finding out the voltage, current, impedance, and individual results from each component using the capacitive reactance, voltage, and type of transistor. are you using a summing transistor, inverting amplifying transistor, amplifying transistor, or a different transistor? also are you using DC or AC voltage or current? you need to tell me what type of transistor you are using?

silicon is intrinsic semiconductor until we add some impurities in it.

the impurities are either of group 3 called acceptors which make p type or of group 5 called donors which make n type semiconductor.

the one that had smaller least count wil be more accurate

Radar is used to detect concentrations of water droplets in the atmosphere, which tells meteorologists where rainfall, snow and hail are occurring.

FET is an excellent buffer amplifier because it has an high input impedance by which when we are connecting two networks for transferring out put of one stage to another stage all the power is drown on the second network not on first network.if first stage network has an low input impedance then first circuit drown all power from second circuit.

If it were less than a number of Megohms it would not be insulation.

208V is one standard in the US for light commercial 3-phase power. It measures 208V phase to phase and 120V phase to neutral. 230 (or 240)V refers (in the US) to the common service supplied to residential. It is single-phase, with two hots and a neutral; 120-0-120. One hot and the neutral (120V) is used for receptacles and small appliances, both hots (240V) are used for large appliances, such as stoves, ovens, air conditioning, and water heater.

The bandwidth of a signal is the width of frequencies between the highest and the lowest frequency.

So 500Hz - 50Hz = 450Hz bandwidth.

AE7HD

Voltage stabilizers are the circuits that are used to filter noise from the source voltage. DC voltage generated from a bridge network or diode network will contains voltage glitches. These glitches may cause serious problems to the operation of digital circuits. So a voltage regulator is used to filter these glitches. voltage stabilizer can be built using a voltage regulator ICs like 7805 for +5V, 7809 for +9V, 7905 for -5V, 7909 for -9V and so on.

The current supplied to the filament for heating is defined as the Filament current.

whereas

When the filament is heated to a high temperature, the electrons are emitted. The flow of electrons form Cathode to anode is the tube Current.

It is the fraction of minority carriers injected into the base of a BJT that successfully diffuse across the quasineutral width of the base and enter the collector. Ideally, it should be as close to 1 as possible, for maximum amplification. It is usually represented by alpha_T. alpha_T = I_C/I_E, where I_C is collector current, and I_E is emitter current. For an NPN transistor I_C and I_E are electron current, where as for a PNP they are hole currents.

commissioning...its inspecting a piece of equipment or plant to make sure you got what you paid for...i.e. the vendor build the correct thing...part of it is making sure it is safe to start up. This can be done by comparing the as built to the drawings.

Most components are designed and built to work at very low voltage. ESD can be of a magnitude of 1000 times greater. So if this voltage can find its way into a circuit it can permanently damage the circuit or worst yet weaken it for a premature failure

A capacitor, in its simplest form, is two conductive plates separated by a dielectric.

This question does not make sense.

If u see the frequency response of an amplifier, initially the gain increases, then remains constant for some time and then decreases. If we draw a line 3dB below the contant frequency region we get two point , one at the increasing gain region and the other at the decreasing gain region. The frequency range between these two points respectively called as fl and fh is called midband frequency range.

Telestimulation systems are described for chronic indirect muscle stimulation in caged rabbits and mice. Both system use a 5 MHz carrier frequency transmission and consist of a transmitter and a receiver. The latter is fixed to the back of the animal.

advantages over what? over 74HC Series? or 74LC Series? or CMOS 4000 series?

The short answer is that they don't.

But that doesn't help you much.

Electrons flow from the negative terminal to the positive terminal.

Why?

Negative and positive (opposite) charges attract each other, and like charges repel each other. So you can think of the positive charged end pulling electrons towards it, as well as the negative charged end pushing electrons away from it.

Water makes a good analogy, the battery is a pump, so there is high pressure on the outlet of the pump ( the negative terminal ) through the pipes and whatnot, ( the wire and whatnot) to the inlet of the pump ( the positive charged end ).