Electronics Engineering

Panelboards are wall mounted, usually up to 1200A bus rating. Switchboard can be free stand with access from rear. Switchboard could have bus rating up to 6000A. In general switchboards are more expensive and has more features than panelboards.

US = Up Stream invert level

DS= Down Stream invert level

If detailed on a manhole, the difference being the gradient of pipe in chamber from one end to the other.

A crystal triode is the old term for transistor. Crystal diodes were well established by the time transistors were invented, so using vacuum tube terminology, the logical name for a diode whose current could be controlled by a third element was "crystal triode".

If the LED was connected the wrong way, you would have bent some pins to have forced it to go in the socket the wrong way since it is designed to go in one way. Also, since you forced it and got it out of line, you may have broken the pins and may have a horrible time getting them out. You may need to take the unit into a shop and have someone that knows what they are doing fix it.

1. Memory Read - (PC) and then increment PC - Op Code C1 - Four clocks 2. Memory Read - (SP) and then increment SP - Transfer to C - Three clocks 3. Memory Read - (SP) and then increment SP - Transfer to B - Three clocks

the diode is forward bias

ANSWER: A bypass diode is used to bypass circuitry as soon as the diode is forward bias by 0.6 volts The use it to bypass to prevent damage to the circuitry

capacitor stores charge ,so we use capacitor in fan for continuous voltage supply.

you will get the opposite polarity DC as before

it hold energy in it

a linear power supply the noise or ripple can be reduced to mv. However it is bulky heavy and inefficient A switching power supply it is easier to filter its output but the hi frequency noise and spikes are not that ease to get rid off. The weight and size can be greatly reduced and the efficiency greatly improved

There is a method called dot convention which is used in transformers. the dot shows the direction of current flowing through the coil and whether the value of mutual inductance thus produced will be positive or negative.

there are infinite circuits that use capacitors however some common ones include:

frequency filters: the capacitor is used in conjunction with a resistor to only allow either high or low frequencies to pass through the circuit.

Time delay circuits: such as the intermittent setting on windscreen wippers. a capacitor is charged up and when it reaches a high enough voltage it is able to close a relay switch and start the wiper blades.

Transient circuits: similar to above in usage, but is done by creating a "ringing" in the circuit. much like hitting a bell. once the ringing becomes quiet enough the circuit becomes active. this is used in automatic roller doors to keep the light on after the door has closed for 30 seconds or so.

Voltage regulators: to maintain a steady voltage capacitors are used to "absorb" sudden spikes and troughs in the voltage input. much like suspension in a car absorbs vibrations when it hits a pothole.

there are a number of different types of capacitors, each with its own identification. on common electrolytic capacitors the negative terminal is shorter and the side with the negative terminal is marked with a white line.

note that ceremic capacitors are bipolar. ie. it doesnt matter which way they are connected. thse are shpaed like a bean and are commonly brown or green.

if in doubt look up the data sheet for the component. just type in the identification on the capacitor into a search engine.

It would be more good if a contrast has been inquired between a timer or a counter, but although it is a question and question is to be answered, I will try to point out difference b/w ac and dc timer. if a comparison has been made b/w ac and dc signals, then it would come to us that they both are two different means to achieve the same objective. Both are used to behave as a source of energy which is essentially desired to drive an electrical load, They both are transformable, An ac signal can be converted to dc using rectifiers or an ac signal of the desired frequency can be generated using oscillators that would be further amplified up till the required strength, In this case dc signal is provided to biased the semi conductors that was involved in both ac and dc signal.

As far as the difference b/w ac and dc timer is concern in both case timer behave as a device that generate interrupt after counting certain value, It can count both up and down. To illustrate difference b/w counter and timer it should be made very clear that to count up and down depends upon an occurring of an even in case of counter where as for timer, Any event is not desired to count up or down, Counting has been made periodically. In most cases timer are digital in nature, involved sequential circuit and controlled by micro controller or processor where the logic has been defined. Usually it is seen that timers and both counters are embedded in the controllers.

I never heard of ac counter, if there would be any then it can be considered as a device where a conventional pure digital counter is followed by a rectifier that provide the required dc levels to biased semiconductor device involved in the construction of Timer.

it depends on existing amplifier or not , if after antenna there's an amplifier it called active else it called passive which less sensitive that active .

A ceramic disc capacitor is a capacitor constructed with a ceramic disc as the dielectric. You'll recall that the basic definition of a capacitor is two conductors separated by an insulator (dielectric) of some kind. As a charge is driven onto one plate of a capacitor, the extra charge there builds up an electric field. Each charge arriving on one plate forces a charge off the other plate. Charge (and, therefore, voltage) builds. Let's build one to see how it works. Imagine a thick coin of some kind, but made of ceramic. You will (of course) have a ceramic disc. If you coat each face with metal and attach a lead to it, you'll have the basic construct. Note that the edges of the disc are left uncoated, and the two faces, which are conductive now, are insulated by the disc. Just dip the capacitor into a phenolic or epoxy to coat it and it's ready to go, except for the labels. These caps are used in tuning or decoupling applications in RF circuits. And the leads are a dead giveaway to their through-hole use. Crimped or straight leads, please? Use the link below to view some pictures, and all this will make a lot more sense.

Big Federal Budget Deflict

Collector-to-Emitter resistance is high when the transistor is biased off.

its a liquid

The answser is

White- black -orange-blue -yelow -red ,

Black and white joined together therefour weget 5 pin configuration and

finally D0(ORANGE),D1(BLUE),D2(YELLOW),D3(RED)-----

uNIPOLAR STEPPER MOTOR ----

3.125 DEGRES PER ROTATION-----

FINALLY HLAF STEP MODE GIVES THE HIGHEST TORQUE.......

When two resistors are in series, you add the elements together. When two elements are in parallel you multiply them and divide that by the sum. ie: parallel elements 7 ohms and 8 ohms (8*7)/(8+7).

If there are more than 2 in parallel however, just fill in this:

1/Req=1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/RN

Req is the final answer of the equivalent resistance.
Rn means you keep adding the reciprocal of the other resistors in parallel.

a transistor in active region when emitter junction is forward biased nd collector junction is reverse biased

if you mean hFE, it's Ic/Ib ratio, where Ic is collector current and Ib base current.

If BJT is in normal region (Vbe>0 and Vbc<0) hFE=betaF. Here betaF does not depends on voltage applied (however, Vbe>0 and Vbc<0 and there's early effect which makes betaF slightly depend on |Vcb|).

Common values of betaF are 100-200 for normal transistors, super-beta transistor can have betaf=1000.

What is baseline wander ? The severity of the baseline wander is dependent on the HPF cut-on frequency and the PSD of the signal around DC.

The output of the high-pass filter will have equal areas (a=b) above and below zero volts.

If the pulse repetition frequency is low compared with the time constant of the input circuit, we'll see some "droop" in the waveform, indicating the discharging of the input capacitor

In case of a lossy capacitor, its series equivalent resistance will be large.