Evolution

Thorns are a plants systematic defense against predation by herbivores. In plants with this defense there must have been a variant that had a proto-thorn that helped it defend against herbivores and leave more descendants with the thorn trait. ( simplistic explanation, but valid )

Yes, Charles Darwin observed that in similar environments, unrelated species could independently evolve similar adaptations to survive and thrive. This phenomenon is known as convergent evolution, where organisms facing similar selective pressures develop similar traits or structures. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection explains how this process occurs over time.

The embryonic stage for many animals is very similar. For example, fish, bird, rabbit, and human embryos are similar in appearance in the early stages. They all have gill slits, a two-chambered heart, and a tail with muscles to move it. Later on, as the embryos grow and develop, they become less and less similar.

I don't claim expertise in evolutionary theory, but it seems so persuasive that I am willing to accept it as the best concept yet.

I've heard a Creationist say. "Well. there's no example of an animal that is half cat and half dog"

But that just shows that he has no concept of evolutionary theory

Adaptations such as double hooves and thick woolly coats (that keep the sheep warm in colder climates found on these hills) are both examples of the adaptations sheep have. these were the adaptations of sheep i hope this helps you

Well, the 4 key principles of Talamarianism contribute to natural selection in very different ways. The first contributes by melting flesh. The other 17 are Melissa and Jim's children, therefore they are not immune to freshly cut grass.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, which suggests that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be passed on to its offspring. He also proposed the idea of use and disuse, where organs that are used frequently become more developed while those that are not used deteriorate over time. However, Lamarck's theories have largely been discredited in favor of Darwin's theory of natural selection.

It is difficult to estimate the exact number of species that have become extinct since human evolution began, but it is believed to be in the millions. The rate of extinction has increased significantly in modern times due to human activities such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck suggested an idea that Darwin would later expand upon. Lamarck suggested that any changes a creature underwent during its lifetime would be passed down to the offspring. He also believed unused parts would just go away over time, due to this.

Kinetic energy is a manifestation of the product of mass times velocity. Mass has no upper limit, velocity has (so far as we know). The maximum velocity of anything with mass is c, the speed of light.
How you would accelerate a massive object to this speed is not known. The more massive an object the more difficult it is to accelerate it.
If you could then the most massive object travelling at this velocity would have the most kinetic energy.

No, humans do not have true bony teeth. Teeth are composed of hard tissues like enamel, dentin, and cementum, which are different from bone tissue. Teeth are attached to the jawbone through the periodontal ligament.

Behavioral trends in primate evolution include increased intelligence, complex social structures, tool use, and communication. Primate species have also exhibited adaptations for various ecological niches and forms of locomotion, such as brachiation and quadrupedalism. Additionally, there is evidence of increased parental care and problem-solving abilities in some primate groups.

Linked that closely these genes can travel down the generation not being crossed over or subjected to recombination in any way. Mutation in one or the other may break this linkage, but that is not as statistically likely as the non-recombination events in sex cells over many generations.

Charles Darwin's greatest contribution to evolutionary theory was the concept of natural selection, which explains how species adapt and evolve over time. Through this mechanism, he proposed that individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the gradual evolution of species. This idea revolutionized the scientific understanding of how life diversifies and changes on Earth.

When an organism disappears from Earth, it is called extinction. Extinction occurs when a species can no longer be found anywhere on the planet, often due to environmental changes, habitat destruction, over-hunting, or other factors that make it impossible for the species to survive.

Abiogenesis or spontaneous generation theory was disproved by Louis Pasteur's experiments in the mid-19th century, showing that life does not arise spontaneously from non-living matter. Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms in broth did not appear unless introduced from an external source, contradicting the idea of spontaneous generation. This experiment led to the acceptance of the biogenesis theory, which states that living organisms only arise from other living organisms.

He proposed that the biological process of adaptive change over time was driven by an internal desire or motivation within the organism to achieve a goal, e.g., long necks in giraffes. He also incorporated the concept of group selection into his version of evolution, which was later discredited by Darwinism. Individuals always die faster than groups so natural selection will always operate on the individual before the group. Darwinism and current gene centred evolutionary theory has also demonstrated that adaptive change over time is driven by the environment and chance.

No known creature is truly immortal. Some species, such as certain jellyfish and hydras, exhibit a form of biological immortality through continuous cell regeneration, but they can still die from predation, disease, or environmental factors.

Seals and penguins have undergone convergent evolution. Despite both being adapted for aquatic life, seals are mammals while penguins are birds, demonstrating how different lineages can evolve similar traits in response to similar ecological pressures.

Evolution in biology refers to the change in inherited characteristics of populations over successive generations. It is driven by mechanisms such as natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow, leading to the adaptation of organisms to their environments and the origin of new species.

Lamarck proposed the idea of acquired traits being passed on to offspring, known as the inheritance of acquired characteristics. However, this concept has been proven to be incorrect through the science of genetics, which relies on the understanding of DNA and how traits are inherited through genes, rather than through an organism's interactions with the environment.

Yes, members of a clan are believed to descend from a common apical ancestor. Clans are kinship groups that trace their lineage through a common ancestor. This shared ancestry forms the basis of the clan's identity and is often a key factor in determining membership.

Lamarck proposed that acquired traits could be inherited, while Darwin emphasized natural selection as the mechanism for evolutionary change. Lamarck's theory focused on an organism's individual efforts to adapt, whereas Darwin's theory highlighted the role of competition and environmental factors in shaping evolution. Despite both theories contributing to our understanding of evolution, Darwin's theory has gained more support due to its emphasis on genetic variation and natural selection.