Field Hockey

A penalty corner is awarded for:

• an unintentional foul in the circle by a defending player which does not prevent the probable scoring of a goal
• an intentional offence inside the circle by a defender on a player who does not have the ball or the possibility of playing it
• an intentional offence by a defender inside their 23 metres area but outside the circle.
• or a defender deliberately playing the ball over the backline (there are varying definitions of "deliberate"; the rule specifically excludes a goalkeeper deflecting a shot at goal or an opportunity for a shot).

When a penalty corner is awarded only five defending players, usually four defenders and the goalkeeper, are allowed to defend it; the remaining defenders must be beyond the centre-line. They must remain behind the goal/centre line until an attacker injects the ball back into play from a point on the backline at least 10 metres from the goal but within the circle. There is no limit to how many attackers in the team on the field can take part in a penalty corner. The corner is complete when a goal is scored, the ball goes out of play, another penalty corner or a penalty stroke is awarded or the ball travels either 5 metres from the circle or outside it more than once. A goal cannot be scored until the ball has left the circle from the initial injection.

In the modern game, they are very good scoring opportunities, and hence are usually looked for by attackers while heavily disputed by defenders.

i dont know, i looked up some facts... here they are...

Facts About Ancient India:

• It is the only society in the world which has never known slavery.
• India invented the Number System. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta. The place value system, the decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC.
• The World's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.
• Sanskrit is considered the mother of all higher languages. Sanskrit is the most precise, and therefore suitable language for computer software - a report in Forbes magazine, July 1987.
• Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans. Charaka, the father of medicine consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago. Today Ayurveda is fast regaining its rightful place in our civilization. It is the only system which takes the holistic view of the person being treated.
• Although modern images of India often show poverty and lack of development, India was the richest country on earth until the time of British in the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus was attracted by her wealth and was looking for route to India when he discovered American continent by mistake.
• The art of Navigation was born in the river Sindh 6000 years ago. The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH. The word navy is also derived from Sanskrit 'Nou'.
• Bhaskaracharya calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. Time taken by earth to orbit the sun: (5th century) 365.258756484 days.
• The value of "pi" was first calculated by Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century long before the European mathematicians.
• Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India. Quadratic equations were propounded by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10*53(10 to the power of 53) with specific names as early as 5000 BC during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest used number is Tera: 10*12(10 to the power of 12).
• According to the Gemological Institute of America, up until 1896, India was the only source for diamonds to the world.
• The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was built in Saurashtra. According to Saka King Rudradaman I of 150 BC a beautiful lake aptly called 'Sudarshana' was constructed on the hills of Raivataka during Chandragupta Maurya's time.
• Chess (Shataranja or AshtaPada) was reportedly invented in India.
• Sushruta is the father of surgery. 2600 years ago he and health scientists of his time conducted complicated surgeries like cesareans, cataract, artificial limbs, fractures, urinary stones and even plastic surgery and brain surgery.
• Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India. Over 125 surgical equipments were used. Detailed knowledge of anatomy, physiology, etiology, embryology, digestion, metabolism, genetics and immunity is also found in many texts.
• When many cultures were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in the Sindhu Valley Civilization.

The following are the two New Zealand field hockey teams that competed at the 2012 London Summer Olympics - which is a list of 32 recent players.

Men

Ryan Archibald

Phillip Burrows

Simon Child

Dean Couzins

Steve Edwards

Nicholas Haig

Andrew Hayward

Blair Hilton

Blair Hopping

Hugo Inglis

Stephen Jenness

Shea McAlesse

Richard Petherick

Kyle Pontifex

Bradley Shaw

Nicholas Wilson

Women

Samantha Charlton

Melody Cooper

Clarissa Eshuis

Cathryn Finlayson

Gemma Flynn

Krystal Forgesson

Katie Glynn

Ella Gunson

Charlotte Harrison

Samantha Harrison

Stacey Michelsen

Alana Millington

Emily Naylor

Anita Punt

Bianca Russell

Kayla Sharland

All rules are referenced to the Rules of Hockey 2009 edition:

• New rules limiting the playing of the ball at a free hit (rule 13.2, specifically sections 'e' and 'h').
• Alterations to rules concerning goalkeepers and the way they tackle or save shots (rule 10.3a, particularly the subnote).
• Clarification of the rules concerning the raised ball, including while being raised, in flight, on landing/reception and where in the field it occurs (rules 9.8, 9.9, 9.10, ).
• Rules preventing players using their sticks in a dangerous way, and ensuring the stick itself is safe (rules 9.2, 9.6 and 9.7; rule 4.7 sections 'a' and 'd').

• Crackdowns on checking and dangerous physical contact.
• Any other rule additions or alterations should be added here..