Fluid Dynamics

The equation of continuity represents the principle of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics. It ensures that the mass flow rate into and out of a control volume remains constant. In practical terms, it helps in analyzing fluid flow behavior and designing systems like pipelines and channels to ensure steady and proper flow.

Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity. This occurs due to the combination of adhesive and cohesive forces between the liquid and the surface of the narrow space, which allows the liquid to climb or descend through the space. Examples of capillary action include the rise of water in a narrow tube (like a straw) or the movement of water through the roots of plants.

Specific dynamic action is the effort that the body has to use so as to break down food. This will result into an increase in the production of proteins which will release energy to break down food.

To change the phase of a system from liquid to gas, the total system energy must be increased (heat added) to the point where every atom or molecule has sufficient energy to escape the liquid system.

Mechanical waves, such as sound waves and water waves, require a medium to travel through. These waves rely on the vibration of particles in the medium to carry energy from one place to another. Electromagnetic waves, on the other hand, can travel through a vacuum because they do not require a medium.

The ice will absorb heat from the warm water and increase in temperature until it reaches 0 degrees Celsius. The heat lost by the warm water is equal to the heat gained by the ice. Use the equation: (Q = mcΔT) where Q is heat energy, m is mass, c is specific heat capacity, and ΔT is temperature change to calculate the final temperature of the system.

The tin will be turned sideways to pour the oil.

One of the holes will be above the level of the oil inside the tin.

This hole will allow air to flow into the tin to replace the out-flowing oil - this will maintainthe balance of the air-pressure in the tin.

If there was only one hole then the oil flowing out, and the air flowing in would have to share the hole and this would lead to the pressure in the tin varying as it would reduce when oil flowed out until that oil's volume had been replaced by air.

This is what leads to the inconsistent pouring of a liquid when a bottle is tilted so much that the liquid covers the opening. The flow stops and starts.

The process that involves the transformation of liquid water into gaseous water vapor in the water cycle is called evaporation. This occurs when heat energy from the sun causes liquid water on the Earth's surface to change into water vapor and rise into the atmosphere.

The main factor is the strength of cohesion between molecules. For instance, water molecules have a slightly negative and a slightly positive end which makes them stick together like magnets. A molecule with more extreme positive and negative charges would have a stronger surface tension.

A TS (temperature-entropy) diagram is a graphical representation of a thermodynamic cycle. It plots temperature on the vertical axis and entropy on the horizontal axis. In fluid dynamics, a TS diagram can help analyze the energy interactions and efficiency of a system, especially in processes involving heat transfer and work. Understanding the behavior of a fluid on a TS diagram can provide insights into its performance and thermodynamic characteristics.

Propylene glycol is a colorless viscous liquid that is a common by-product of soap production and is utilized in the manufacturing of antifreeze due to its ability to lower the freezing point of water.

OSI (Ocean Services International) air pressure refers to the pressure inside a Hyperbaric Chamber used for hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The pressure inside the chamber can be adjusted to be 1.3 to 3 times higher than normal atmospheric pressure to facilitate the delivery of oxygen to tissues.

The word pressure speaks to the force applied by something, like the fluid air, on something else. A difference in pressure between one area and another will cause air to move in response to that differential pressure. This will create a draft, a breeze, wind or other phenomenon associated with moving air. This idea is at the heart of weather formation and atmospheric dynamics, and, along with some Coriolis forces, shapes planetary weather.

That depends on the liquid. Air will dissolve at different rates into different liquids at different pressures. Nitrogen, for instance, is completely saturated into water at the pressure of 1 ATM. If you increase the pressure to 2 ATM and wait ~40 minutes, it will be saturated again at twice the concentration.

The gases that make up air may be less soluble in oils but you run the risk of spontaneous combustion as you compress the air. The partial pressure of oxygen in air at sea level pressute is ~20%. If you double the pressure, the partial pressure of the oxyg will double. This results in an oxygen enriched atmosphere.

It is best to not use compressed air to move hydraulic fluid because of foaming, also.

Water has the greatest capillary action due to its strong hydrogen bonding and cohesive properties, allowing it to easily move through narrow spaces and against gravity. Other liquids with high capillary action include mercury and ethanol.

Density is calculated by dividing an object's mass by its volume. The equation is: Density = Mass / Volume. The resulting value is typically expressed in units such as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm^3) or kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m^3).

Yes, upthrust, also known as buoyant force, increases as you go deeper into water because the pressure at greater depths increases due to the weight of the water above. This increased pressure causes objects to experience a greater upward force, resulting in an increase in upthrust.

Physically the momentum thickness may be conceived as transverse distance by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in momentum of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation.

The Hazen-William equation is an empirical one. It has a proportionality constant

that depends on the use of USCS units or SI units.

For the case of USCS units, pressure drop is in 'psig', length of pipe in 'ft', volume flow in 'gpm', and inside pipe diameter in 'in'.

For the case of SI units, pressure drop in 'm', length in 'm', volume flow in 'm3/s,

and inside pipe diameter in 'm'.

Humans benefit greatly from the work of Pulmonary surfactant which reduces the surface tension in the alveoli of the lungs. This reduction in alveolar surface tension prevents the alveoli from collapsing and thus causing suffocation.

1. Hydraulic brakes in vehicles use hydrostatic pressure to transfer force from the brake pedal to the brake calipers, resulting in the application of braking force.
2. Blood pressure measurement devices, such as sphygmomanometers, utilize hydrostatic pressure to measure the pressure of blood flowing through arteries.
3. Dams use hydrostatic pressure to hold back a large volume of water, creating a reservoir for generating hydroelectric power.

Agitating water before high diving helps reduce the surface tension of the water, which in turn lessens the impact force on the diver's body upon entry. This can help prevent injuries and make the landing smoother for the diver.