Fluid Dynamics

A TS (temperature-entropy) diagram is a graphical representation of a thermodynamic cycle. It plots temperature on the vertical axis and entropy on the horizontal axis. In fluid dynamics, a TS diagram can help analyze the energy interactions and efficiency of a system, especially in processes involving heat transfer and work. Understanding the behavior of a fluid on a TS diagram can provide insights into its performance and thermodynamic characteristics.

Propylene glycol is a colorless viscous liquid that is a common by-product of soap production and is utilized in the manufacturing of antifreeze due to its ability to lower the freezing point of water.

OSI (Ocean Services International) air pressure refers to the pressure inside a Hyperbaric Chamber used for hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The pressure inside the chamber can be adjusted to be 1.3 to 3 times higher than normal atmospheric pressure to facilitate the delivery of oxygen to tissues.

The word pressure speaks to the force applied by something, like the fluid air, on something else. A difference in pressure between one area and another will cause air to move in response to that differential pressure. This will create a draft, a breeze, wind or other phenomenon associated with moving air. This idea is at the heart of weather formation and atmospheric dynamics, and, along with some Coriolis forces, shapes planetary weather.

That depends on the liquid. Air will dissolve at different rates into different liquids at different pressures. Nitrogen, for instance, is completely saturated into water at the pressure of 1 ATM. If you increase the pressure to 2 ATM and wait ~40 minutes, it will be saturated again at twice the concentration.

The gases that make up air may be less soluble in oils but you run the risk of spontaneous combustion as you compress the air. The partial pressure of oxygen in air at sea level pressute is ~20%. If you double the pressure, the partial pressure of the oxyg will double. This results in an oxygen enriched atmosphere.

It is best to not use compressed air to move hydraulic fluid because of foaming, also.

Water has the greatest capillary action due to its strong hydrogen bonding and cohesive properties, allowing it to easily move through narrow spaces and against gravity. Other liquids with high capillary action include mercury and ethanol.

Density is calculated by dividing an object's mass by its volume. The equation is: Density = Mass / Volume. The resulting value is typically expressed in units such as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm^3) or kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m^3).

Yes, upthrust, also known as buoyant force, increases as you go deeper into water because the pressure at greater depths increases due to the weight of the water above. This increased pressure causes objects to experience a greater upward force, resulting in an increase in upthrust.

Physically the momentum thickness may be conceived as transverse distance by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in momentum of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation.

The Hazen-William equation is an empirical one. It has a proportionality constant

that depends on the use of USCS units or SI units.

For the case of USCS units, pressure drop is in 'psig', length of pipe in 'ft', volume flow in 'gpm', and inside pipe diameter in 'in'.

For the case of SI units, pressure drop in 'm', length in 'm', volume flow in 'm3/s,

and inside pipe diameter in 'm'.

Humans benefit greatly from the work of Pulmonary surfactant which reduces the surface tension in the alveoli of the lungs. This reduction in alveolar surface tension prevents the alveoli from collapsing and thus causing suffocation.

1. Hydraulic brakes in vehicles use hydrostatic pressure to transfer force from the brake pedal to the brake calipers, resulting in the application of braking force.
2. Blood pressure measurement devices, such as sphygmomanometers, utilize hydrostatic pressure to measure the pressure of blood flowing through arteries.
3. Dams use hydrostatic pressure to hold back a large volume of water, creating a reservoir for generating hydroelectric power.

Agitating water before high diving helps reduce the surface tension of the water, which in turn lessens the impact force on the diver's body upon entry. This can help prevent injuries and make the landing smoother for the diver.

In the world of Avatar: The Last Airbender, water bending movements involve fluid and graceful motions. A typical water bending stance includes bending the knees, extending one arm out, and using the other arm to guide the water flow. It requires a sense of balance, focus, and connection with the element of water.

Ram air increases the pressure and temperature of the air entering the jet engine, leading to increased engine performance. This effect is more prominent at higher speeds and altitudes where the air is more compressed and provides a greater oxygen supply for combustion.

There is two categories of aircrafts, the aerostats (lighter than air) and the aerodynes (heavier than air).

-Aerostat: the aerostat uses buoyance to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on the water.They are characterized by one or more large gasbags or canopies, filled with a relatively low density gas such as Helium, Hydrogen, or Hot air which is lighter than the surroundind air. When the weight of this is added to the weight of the aircraft structure, it added up to the same weight as the air that the craft displaces.

-Aerodyne: To fly it must move forwards through the air ,this movement of air over the aerofoil shape deflects air downward to create an equal opposite upward force, called lift, according to the Newton's third law of motion.

Aerodyne flight:

The best method to answer this question is thru the use of the lift formula:

L= (1/2p) (V2) (S) (CL)

1/2p (pronounced rho) is basically the density of the air. Cool dense air provides better pressure in creating lift.

V2 is the velocity of the airfoil flowing thru the air. Higher velocity creates more lift except when reaching velocities that exceed the sound barrier disrupting laminar flow over the airfoil.

S is the surface area of the airfoil. A larger surface area creates more lift. It may also create more weight which would increase the need for more lift.

CL is the coefficient of lift. Without getting to complicated, this is basically the efficiency of the airfoil design at an angle of attack. Angle of attack is essentially the angle between the chord line of the airfoil and air flow direction.

When air flows over the airfoil, the design of the foil seperates the airflow into an area of low pressure over the camber of the airfoil, and an area of high pressure below it. Obviously the difference between the two areas will cause the movement of the airfoil in the direction of low pressure thus creating lift.

Their are four forces at work in the creation of lift:

Lift - Explained above

Thrust - The force required to move the craft forward to create velocity of airflow.

Drag - The force created from the creation of lift and thrust. Parasitic, Induced, and Profile drag are the different types of drag working against lift.

Weight / Gravity - What must be overcome by lift.

between 0 Celsius and 20 Celsius the dynamic viscosity of seawater at 35 g/kg salinity is reported to be 1.88 x 10-3 and 1.08 x 10-3 Pa s. If you calculate the rate of decrease in viscosity with increasing temperature you get -0.04 x 10-3 Pa s per degree.

The buoyant force of air would be greatest for a hot air balloon because it relies on the principle of buoyancy to stay aloft. The heated air inside the balloon is less dense than the surrounding air, creating a greater buoyant force to lift the balloon. A bird and an airplane rely on aerodynamic lift generated by their wings to stay airborne, rather than buoyancy.

The term artesian means that the water is contained in an underground aquifer and/or reservoir. The fact that it is spouting means that it has artesian pressure and is a flowingartesian well. The geology of the site determines the amount of pressure on the reservoir and not all artesian wells have enough, or any pressure to spout. The pressure comes from the weight of ground structures and ground water pressing on and around the underground reservoir.

Some advantages of using cryogenics include the ability to achieve extremely low temperatures, which can enhance material properties such as superconductivity and reduce friction. Cryogenics can also enable the preservation of biological samples, such as tissues and cells, for research and medical purposes. Additionally, cryogenics allows for the storage and transportation of gases in a compact manner.

When water falls from a height, it gains kinetic energy. This increase in kinetic energy is converted to an increase in temperature due to friction with the air and surrounding surfaces. Overall, the water will experience a slight increase in temperature as it falls.