Fluid Dynamics

A two-dimensional doublet is a theoretical representation of fluid flow in which the fluid is assumed to circulate around a line vortex. It is a simplification used in fluid dynamics to model the behavior of flow around objects like airfoils or ships, where the flow can be represented by a combination of uniform flow and doublet flow to approximate the effects of lift and drag.

Streamlines represent the instantaneous velocity field at a given moment, while pathlines show the actual path that individual particles follow over time. Streamlines provide information about the flow pattern at a specific instant, while pathlines depict the trajectory of individual particles as they move through a flow field.

Using conservation of mass:

mass flow rate = ρ * V * A

where ρ= density, V= velocity, and A= cross sectional area

therefore since massin = massout

therefore:

(ρ*V*A)in = (ρ*V*A)out

If you have the air flow velocity and pressure drop for at least three points, plot the pressure as a function of the velocity; P=av2+bv. Use the trendline plotting function in Excel to get the two constants or solve the simultaneous equations for two of the points. Then convert the constant "a" from air to water by multiplying by the ratio of the water density to the air density, which is around "834". Convert the constant "B" by multiplying by the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of water to air, which is around "52". The equation will generate the pressure "P" and velocity values "v" that would occur if the fluid were water instead of air.

You can't. In addition to the cylinder's diameter, the pressure at its base

also depends on the density and depth of the fluid in the cylinder ... which

gives you the weight of fluid resting on the base area. The pressure alone

is not enough information to allow you to calculate the diameter.

To calculate the flow rate through a hose, we first need to find the cross-sectional area of the hose. The cross-sectional area of a 5/8-inch diameter hose is (5/16)^2 * π square inches. To convert this to square feet, divide by 144. Finally, multiply this area by the flow rate in feet per second (100) to get the flow rate in cubic feet per second.

Yes, air resistance acts in the opposite direction of motion of moving objects, slowing them down. The amount of resistance depends on the object's shape, size, speed, and the properties of the air it is moving through.

Freezing rate depends on the surface area, the heat transfer medium, and its temperature. If it is a thin layer (large surface area) of water it would freeze faster than a thick layer (smaller surface area). A liquid heat transfer medium, like liquid nitrogen, would have a higher heat transfer rate than a gas, like air. Lastly, the colder the heat transfer medium, the faster the heat transfer rate, the faster the water would freeze.

Eggshells are designed to be strong and flexible, dispersing force applied to them. When an egg is dropped from a low height onto a hard surface like concrete, the force is spread out over the surface of the egg instead of being concentrated in one area, helping to prevent it from breaking.

The melting point of Magnesium is about 650 deg C.

Non-ideal flow refers to any deviation from ideal flow conditions, where assumptions like perfectly mixed or plug flow do not hold true. This can include mixing, dispersion, bypassing, or channeling of fluids within a system, leading to uneven residence times and incomplete mixing. Non-ideal flow can result in reduced efficiency and effectiveness in chemical reactions or separations.

Condensation may form on the side of a drinking glass on a hot day. This occurs when the cold surface of the glass comes into contact with the warmer air, causing the water vapor in the air to cool and collect on the surface of the glass.

I would use a comparison they can experience directly. Try comparing water with pancake syrup (the good old-fashioned rich variety that oozes out of the bottle). Molasses or honey would also work well.

Gas properties

1- easy to expand in any container , can take any shape or form.

2- much weaker than liquid or solid particles.

3- molecules in a gas are spread further apart from each other and space out.

4- gas has no definite shape or volume.

Helium will contract in cold weather, but that may not cause a balloon filled with it to sink since the air will also contract - and by about the same amount - so the relative densities of the helium and the surrounding are would remain about the same and the buoyancy of a helium filled balloon would remain

a ice cube in alcohol would melt fastest because of the heating molecules contracting with the ice cube molecules

The main forces acting on a water tank are the gravitational force pulling the water downwards, buoyant force acting upwards on the water due to the surrounding liquid or air, and the pressure forces exerted by the water on the walls and bottom of the tank. Depending on the situation, other forces like wind or external mechanical forces may also act on the tank.

The coefficient of discharge of a venturi meter is calculated to account for any discrepancies between the theoretical flow rate and the actual flow rate. It helps in correcting for losses due to friction and other factors in the fluid flow, and ensures accurate measurement of the flow rate through the venturi meter.

Here's the ideal gas law: PV = nRT If T is zero, then PV must be zero; assuming the volume is nonzero, then for PV to be zero the pressure must be zero. However, this is only true for an ideal gas. For a real gas other factors come into play at low temperatures, and they begin to deviate from the ideal gas law. Also, all real gases liquify above absolute zero, and liquids don't obey the ideal gas law at all.

An hot air balloon i think.

Specific gravity affects head pressure in a pump system by changing the weight of the fluid being pumped. A higher specific gravity means the fluid is denser and heavier, resulting in higher head pressure needed to overcome the increased resistance of the fluid. Conversely, a lower specific gravity would require less head pressure.

The pressure above the meniscus in water is lower than the pressure below it. This pressure difference results in the upward capillary action observed in narrow tubes containing water.

A longer ramp length will typically result in a higher speed for the marble due to the increased distance it has to accelerate. This allows the marble to gain more momentum before reaching the end of the ramp.

i believe the question should be stated as "How high can a pump pull liquid when mounted above the liquid source". an old pump adage is that a pump doesn't suck. sounds dumb, but it refers to the necessity of having a positive pressure at the suction of the pump greater than the required net positive pressure req'd by the pump. NPSHa must be greater than NPSHr. in any system open to atmosphere the surface of the fluid will have 14.7psi (at sea level) X 2.31 ft/psi, or roughly 34' of head, or NPSHa, available. the manufacturers performance curves will show the NPSHr of the pump at any given flow for a given impeller trim. by subtracting this NPSHr from the calculated surface pressure you can arrive at a general maximum lift that the pump can run at. there will also be line friction losses that will reduce this height, and typically we subtract another 2-3' for a fudge factor as you would not want to run on the ragged edge. so, a pump with an NPSHr of 8' would be able to lift cold water approx 22' before cavitating. getting it primed is another issue, and having said all this, there is a type of centrifugal that can successfully trick this seemingly rigid restriction on lift. the typical home commercial jet pump can lift from many times this limited depth by taking a portion of the high pressure discharge and sending it down a separate pipe and into the suction pipe. this effectively increases the suction pressure and allows this type of pump to lift from quite a depth. a really neat way around having to install a down-hole pump submersible. of course the type of pump, what you are pumping, temperature, vapor pressure, specific gravity, and viscosity will all affect the height that a pump can lift a fluid.

If the question is ' at what height we can place the suction side of pump from the water level from where it is pulled up', then if we are not considering the NPSH (which is not practical of course) , then i think that the maximum height of the suction side will be the height which will balance the pressure which is on the water level below from where it is pumped. If the pressure there is atmospheric pressure (at the water level below suction side)then maximum height of water rising is 10.3 m around(will vary according to the fluid being pumped). Above it water will not rise whatever vacuum you create though pump.(Its just like in barometer where mercury doesn't rise above 760mm, although there is vacuum above it in the tube. This is because at base of inverted tube of barometer, pressure is balanced). In practical of course the height is much less of course otherwise cavitation will take place when pressure falls below Vapor pressure of the Liquid being pumped.