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Immune System
This category is for questions about how our bodies identify and fight off disease, infection or pathogens through specialized cells, tissues and organs. The system that does this is called the immune system. It produces antibodies which recognize intruders and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances.
4,548 Questions
What is the substance that stimulates the body to release antibodies?
An antigen stimulates the production of antibodies. These are either naturally acquired, like from mother to baby (via breast feeding and within the womb). Actively acquired, like you get chicken pox (varicella) and your body fights it off, but because your body has seen the virus it now knows how to fight it. There is also Passively Acquired immunities which are acheived via immunizations where a "dead" or small amount of virus is injected into your body so that your immune system can recognize it and know how to fight it if exposed. An antibody is a "memory cell" it identifies and kills the invader that it has seen before. HIV/ AIDS interrupts that process because it enters the nucleus and "takes over" the cells that identify the invaders... it's kind of a "smart virus".
What are the half moons on your finger nails?
If the half moons are gone, or barely visible it can mean a low Vitamin B-12 count. Low Vitamin B-12 can eventually cause problems which range from depression, disturbed sense of co-ordination, paraesthesiae, loss of memory, abnormal reflexes, weakness, loss of muscle strength, exhaustion, confusion, low self-confidence, spacticity, incontinence, impaired vision, abnormal gait, frequent need to pass water and psychological deviances.
Sub-lingual (A pill dissolved under the tongue) B-12 is the best form of supplementation,
Taken IN THE MORNING (As taking B-12 at night can keep you up).
A B-Complex Vitamin or B-12 Vitamin Swallowed (and digested in the Stomach) may not fully be absorbed in some people with Gastrointestinal Disorders.
Which type of lymphocytes is formed in the bone marrow?
In many research projects performed, there were findings of 8.6 (+or-) 1.6 % of T lymphocytes found in the total bone marrow lymphocyte pool. There was also 15.4 (+ or -) 1.9 % of B lymphocytes found in the total bone marrow lymphocyte pool. There was a remarkable 74.6 (+ or -) 2.4 % of the total pool that had no special marks to identify it as a specific type of lymphocyte. The findings can not be explained nor were they tampered with.
What does a thymus Gland do in the immune system?
Thymus secreates one or more stimulatory factors collectively called thymic hormones most important being thymosine. Thymus is a site of differnetiation of T-cells of immune system and it also has Hassall's corpuscles which act as phagocytes. It increase the rate of cell division.
Does the H1N1 vaccine provide lifetime immunity?
How long is the vaccine in your body?
The H1N1/09 vaccine is very quickly absorbed by your body and then it is up to your immune system to take it from there to develop a resistance to the particular strain of flu virus that was in the vaccination and your body will develop the antibodies to protect against future invasions of the same virus. The vaccine was only there long enough to trigger your immune system to begin to work on the immune process.
How long does immunity from a vaccine or having the flu last?
If you are asking, "How long will I remain protected against H1N1/09 from a vaccination or from getting sick with the flu?", then the answer to this is a little more difficult to give.
You will be protected for life against that exactstrain of the H1N1/09 virus that was contained in the vaccine or that you caught which caused you to be ill, and you will likely also have some cross-over protection from very similar strains.
However, viruses do mutate easily, and if later you are infected with another strain or mutation of the H1N1 virus, and if your immune system does not recognize it any longer because it has mutated to a different form, then you may have no immunity to that new strain. This is one reason we need to take annual vaccines for the rapidly mutating common seasonal flu strains.
See the related links section below for a link to an article on the Time/CNN Health and Science web site about this subject. Here is an excerpt from that article:
It turns out, however, that those antibodies [developed from a flu vaccine or from having the flu] - unlike those against illnesses like tetanus or whooping cough - can provide a formidable and life-long defense against the flu, as long as they're pitted against the correct strain. For an explanation, TIME asks Eric Altschuler, assistant professor of physical medicine and rehabilitation at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, and co-author of a recent paper in Nature about antibodies to the 1918 pandemic flu virus.
Q: How long do flu antibodies last?
A: According to our study, it appears they can last the entire lifespan of the human organism - 90 years plus...
More:
It's important to keep a record of vaccinations so the doctor knows when your child is due for a booster. Also make sure your child gets the seasonal flu vaccine each year. Having been immunized last year probably won't protect someone from getting the flu this year because flu viruses constantly change. That's why the vaccine is updated each year to include the most current common strains of the virus.
The flu vaccine reduces the average person's chances of catching the flu by up to 80% during the season. But because the flu vaccine doesn't prevent infection by all of the viruses that can cause flu-like symptoms, getting the vaccine isn't a guarantee that someone won't get sick during the flu season.
What is the functon of the immune system?
An immune system is a collection of biological processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumour cells.
To create the condition of immunity, in which after the first attack by a micro organism the body is protected or becomes resistant to further invasions.
What is a vaccine that makes people immune to diseases?
In the simplest terms posiible you need to know that vaccines work WITH your immune system by building up your body's ability to DEFLECT unwanted diseases from your body. The vaccines are used to build up your resistance to the known pathogens. For instance a "flu" shot consists of pathogens of the influenzas the Center for Disease Control (and the World Health Organization) predict will be in season and should be included in the "flu shot".
What are the four parts of the immune system?
The immune system is actually an estonishing array of structures and mechanisms designed to defend us from a wide variety of agents, including bacteria and viruses. The mechanisms can be grouped into two complementary systems. The first mobilizes an attack on invading microbes within hours. The second takes several days to respond but targets the invaders like a well-aimed arrow. This second system has a good memory, so that if a specific invader returns years later, this enemy will be met with a rapid response. The sysyem works so well that often you do not even realize that you have been infected and effectively defended. Microbes sneak in through our breath, our food, our urogenital tract, or breaks in our skin. When the immune system detects intruders, it sets in motion a cascade of reactions involving dozens of precisely designed proteins. Each component in this cascade activates the next to amplify the counterattack. Researchers have discovered that our state of mind can influence our immune system. Stress can weaken our immune system. (exerpt taken from a 2/14 Awake article A Biotechnologist Explains His Faith on Jehovah's Witnesses official website)
How does the immune system protect the body from disease?
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Is platelets part of immune system?
No, it does not effect your immune system. Platelets are the component of blood that enables your blood to clot. They don't take them unless you have plenty to take and still have sufficient left for your own blood to clot. They remove platelets and plasma. Plasma is basically the liquid part of your blood. The platelets are mixed with the plasma to make the donation. They replace the fluid lost through the plasma part with fluid while you are donating. I usually give a double donation every two weeks....sometimes a triple if I have time. If it had an effect on your immune system, people like me would be sick constantly.
What will happen to a person if it has no immune system?
The stickiest problem with choosing AIDS as the answer is that the baby would have had to have, at some time prior to the onset of AIDS, an immune system--evidenced by the infection. If there were no T-lymphocytes there would be no AIDS. You can't have a house fire without a house.
The best answer to this question is SCIDS because it doesn't require you to present hypothetical conditions that result in the birth of a baby with full-blown AIDS to justify the answer.
WHY DO your toe nails grow slower than your fingernails?
Because You Don't Do A Lot With Your Pinky Finger Nails. All Your Other Nails Grow Slower Because You Do A Lot More To Damage Your Fingers And You Use Them A Whole Lot More Frequently. Your Pinky Finger Is Barely Used, So The Nail Grows Faster And Is Not Damaged As Much, Maintaining Its Growth.
Why did Edward Jenner create the vaccination?
Small pox was a killer. The treatment was purely palliative before modern medicines.People that survived had horrible pock-marked faces and bodies , and was sort of a stigma, especially for women. The recent controversy regarding vaccines, in my opinion , is foolish . Thinking that things like small-pox and polio have disappeared from the face of the earth is just wrong . The re-emergence of these disease shows that the risk of side effects from vaccines is much lower than the risk of dealing with the devastation of the diseases themselves.
Which cell produces antibodies in the immune system?
B cells produce antibodies. Specifically plasma cells (a type of B cells, which are meant to produce large quantities of B cells very quickly, and memory B cells, which are meant to last in your body for a long time so you can respond to the same kind infection more quickly the next time.
What condition develops when the immune system attacks and destroys the thyroid gland?
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Who did Edward Jenner experiment on?
James Phipps was the boy who had cow poxs put into him as an experiment. Apparently, he was a young tramp who was bought into Edwards house, he was an easy target to experiment on. This is because he had had no parent or family members around, they had all died from this horrid diease called small poxs.
What type of white blood cell releases antibodies?
The answer is Lymphocytes. However, they do not RELEASE antibodies. When there is an increase in lymphocytes this indicates a viral infection. Internally, this viral infection is represented as a foreign antigen that could potentially weaken the immune system. Once these foreign antigens are detected this triggers antibodies to form to eliminate the same antigens that created them (the viral infection). These antibodies are what work to fight away the viral infection to return the body to its original state.
What does a high lymphocyte and a high MCH count mean?
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) Normal Range: 26-34 pg (picograms/cell)
The mean corpuscular hemoglobin, or "mean cell hemoglobin" (MCH), is the average mass of hemoglobin per red blood cell in a sample of blood. It is reported as part of a standard complete blood count.
It is diminished inmicrocytic anemias and increasedin macrocytic anemias.
It is calculated by dividing the total mass of hemoglobin by the number of red blood cells in a volume of blood. MCH=Hgb/RBC reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_corpuscular_hemoglobin
---- Macrocytic Anemia
* Types of macrocytic anemias ** 1.1 Megaloblastic anemias (DNA replication disorders) ** 1.2 Red cell membrane disorders producing codocytes ** 1.3 Alcohol ** 1.4 Association with rapid red cell turnover and reticulocytosis * Especially common causes of macrocytic anemias are the so-called megaloblastic anemias, in which cells are larger because they cannot produce DNA quickly enough to divide at the right time as they grow, and thus grow too large before division. Causes for the DNA synthetic problem range from lack of certain vitamins needed to produce DNA (notablyfolate and B12), to poisons or inhibitors of DNA replication, such as some kinds of antiviral drugs and chemotherapeutic agents.
The remainder of the article can be seen on the following page
reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocytic_anemia
* Macrocytosis, sometimes without associated anemia, is often evident in persons with chronic alcoholism. Although the macrocytosis of alcoholism may be secondary to poor nutrition with a resulting folate or vitamin B-12 deficiency, it is more often due to a direct toxicity of the alcohol on the marrow. The macrocytosis of alcoholism usually reverses only after months of abstinence from alcohol. The remainder of the article can be seen on the following page
reference: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1381.htm
When do lymphocytes become immunocompetent?
each lymphocyte must become able (competent) to recognize its one specific antigen bye binding to it. this ability is called immunocompetence.
Are Antibodies are usually effective in fighting disease?
An antibody is a label that the immune system produces, which attaches itself to an antigen (which ideally is an invading micro-organism) and which then signals the macrophages to eat that antigen, thereby destroying it.
How antigens are affected by antibodies?
They both are able to reproduce by earanal sex and also they are both able to fight of disease with swordskies, but unfortunately only antigens are found in fabrics such as carpets and bed spreads...
How does ear wax protect you from pathogens?
Ear wax performs the function of providing some protection against water. It also carries bacteria with it out of the ear canal. So by protecting the skin in the canal from water and by carrying away bacteria, ear wax can help prevent infections of the ear canal.
What problems can go wrong with the immune system?
There are many diseases that involve some aspect of the immune system function or malfunction. The most obvious would be infectious diseases such as bacterial, viral and parasitic infections.
Hormones affect the immune system, so diseases that disrupt normal hormonal activity can affect the immune system.
Diseases that affect the sleep cycles also can affect the immune system since sleep deprivation has negative impacts on the immune system (e.g., sleep apnea, insomnia, etc.).
Other diseases or disorders of the immune system can manifest with over-activity and some with under-activity of the immune function, some are congenital and some are acquired, some are due to diseases that are damaging to parts of the immune system itself (e.g., alcoholism, obesity, drug use, malnutrition such as Vitamin D deficiency, etc.), and some diseases are affected by the immune system function or malfunction.
The immune system function can also be modified and affected by the treatment and medication used for some diseases and conditions, such as anti-rejection drugs used in transplants and in autoimmune diseases and anti-neoplastic chemotherapy (cancer treatment) drugs. Another that can damage the immune system function is radiation therapy.
Some examples of immune system diseases and disorders are: HIV/AIDS, systemic Lupus (SLE or systemic lupus erythematosis), and other autoimmune disorders, leukemia, lymphoma and other cancers, mononucleosis, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, allergies, asthma, Crohn's Disease, MS, Guillan-Barre syndrome. See the Related Link below for more. HIV/Aids.
