Light Bulbs and Artificial Lighting

The light bulb is safer and easier to use than gas lamps, and electricity is easier to distribute for the purpose of street/home lighting than gas. A cheaper, safer, and easier means of bringing light to the darkness was born with its invention.

I don't know what the technical stuff is but I can tell you that t5 technology is the latest and greatest thing in lighting. It is the most effeciant and brightest of the flourescent lights. A lot of retail stores are putting them in new as opposed to the old hid light fixtures. Check the ceiling the next time you go into a Sams or Home Depot, they both use them in their new stores. The lamps themselves are smaller, as are the ballast; they burn less electricity and provide a brighter more natural light. Also as opposed to hid fixtures; they do not require a cool down or warm up time. A good lighting rep can give you the proper percentages of effency and briteness. Check either the Lithonia or Cooper lighting websites and they might tell you the same thing.

Modern light bulb filaments are usually Tungsten not Carbon. However early bulbs used things like silk coated with Carbon. Filament means thin thread. The bulbs are filled with inert gas like Argon to stop the filament from burning up with oxygen. Arc lamps use Carbon rods though.

On the one hand, fluorescent bulbs contain toxic materials that can be released when the bulb is dumped. On the other hand, fluorescent bulbs last so much longer than do regular, or incandescent, bulbs that this problem is minimised.

More importanlty, fluorescent bulbs use only about one-fifth the electricity of incandescent bulbs, thus helping us to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions and therefore slow down global warming. Since global warming is by far the greatest environmental danger we face, fluorescent bulbs must be better for the environment.

A flashlight has a power source (usually ordinary batteries), a light source of some sort (a light bulb or LED, for example), and some electrical wiring to connect them, with a switch to turn it on and off. The power source makes the light source give off light.

0. A light bulb no matter what kind is a hardware problem.

6 people needed.

It takes one to hold the bulb, four more to spin the table (where the one holding the bulb is standing) around, and one more to watch past the corner should the electric current (torrent) is coming.

C'mon. It is a joke! This is the Greek version. (Sorry for some bad English)

The total current in the circuit will decrease.

There is no direct conversion . . . different types of lamp bulbs put out different amounts of light per watt.

florescent lamps have mercury

the mercury plasma has three bright bands in uv to make the phosphors floresse

incandescent lamps have thorium allowed with tungsten so the tungsten doesent melt

LEDs have nice stuff like gallium and arsenic for particular jumps in atomic shells at the active layer

Neon lamps are sort of benign

Gaslights use methane but to be bright you add a mantle with thorium wire

perhaps a lime light is the answer

carbon arc is another benign light source

G9 bulbs have a special base. Unlike the standard bulbs with a screw or straight pin base, this type of bulb have 2 looped prongs. Although they are as efficient in energy usage as an incandescent bulb, G9 bulbs do last longer being designed to last for 2000 to 6000 hours.

1. The mercury pump, invented in 1865, provided an adequate vacuum, and a satisfactory carbon-filament bulb was developed independently by the English physicist Sir Joseph Wilson Swan in 1878, Thomas Edison also 'Invented' it the following year, but it is defiantly Swan that gets the credit.

Some fluorescent lamps (bulbs) can be dimmed, but they must be designed to be dimmable. The ballasts and electronics that drive the bulb have to be designed to work with a dimmer or they will not function properly and may overheat.

When dimming fluorescent bulbs, many can't be faded smoothly from full to zero. Some will only go to a minimum like 5-20%.

A dimmable compact fluorescent lamp will be labelled as being dimmble and can be connected to an ordinary dimmer. For tubes, the ballast has to be specailly designed to be dimmable.

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According to fastcompany.com: "Last year, U.S. consumers spent about $1 billion to buy about 2 billion lightbulbs--5.5 million every day."

According to wsj.com: "The U.S., which has four billion electric lights using [incandescent] bulbs, represents about a third of the world market."

So, about 12 billion bulbs, worldwide.

Yes, the voltage and frequency of the supply is the same, but you will need an adaptor to be able to plug it in. Get one from a travel shop in the UK. Another way that I use is to buy a French plug and fit it to a UK extension socket, you can then have up to four UK appliances on at the same time, which can be useful if you have a mobile phone, a computer, a shaver, a camera, etc. But don't do this unless you are confident about making electrical connections, the French plugs are a bit tricky inside.

tungsten filament, aluminum base

You may have a badly wired house. It can be a bad loose or incorrectly wired part of the house wiring. Sometimes the needed ground is not made. When other circuits are used the household load can put too much voltage on one side of neutral and do damage. Neutral is the centertap of your external power transformer. 220vac (volts alternating current) is center tapped to provide two 110vac circuits to your lights and wall plugs. 220vac for hot water and the dryer. The neutral must be grounded at the residence main breaker box for safety and balanced power. An eight foot copper rod is driven into the ground and the main breaker boxes ground terminal is hooked to it by some hefty wire. The main box is where sub-boxes (other breaker boxes connected to the main one) need to be grounded also.

Buy compact florescent or LED lamps to replace the burnt ones.

A lot of things can cause bulbs to blow prematurely, excessive voltage, bad connections on your neutral wire, lost tension on spring contact in the center of your socket, but the #1 reason is vibration. Most of the time I that I run into this problem it is ceiling fans but even if it is not install a ceiling fan light bulb in the problem socket and see if that cures your problem. Most people don't know that there even was such a thing as a ceiling fan light bulb but they exist and are designed for ceiling fans and garages where it is likely exposed to higher vibration levels. The vibrations may not come from a ceiling fan but a washer or dryer, slamming doors etc. or just simply the fixture is not mount securely to the ceiling

Assume you mean resistors in a series ckt, since in a parallel ckt the answer is 9V.

First solve for total current: I=E/Rtotal Rt=10+20+30, or 9/60, so 150ma

then for each R:

E=IR

R1=10, so 10*.15=1.5

R2=20, so 20*.15=3.0

R3=30, so 30*.15=4.5

The source 9V= the sum of the voltage drops as a sanity check.

Yes. The bulb will be slightly dimmer, but will last much longer. Most 145V bulbs are intended to be used in 120V exit signs. The reason for the higher voltage rating on the bulb is because it will last a long, long time when used at 120V.

Old-style fluorescent tube bulbs and the newer CFBs (compact fluorescent bulb) are considered more efficient for a number of reasons.

First, they consume roughly 1/5 the energy of incandescent (ie, tungsten filament) bulbs for a comparable light output. A quick survey of the package labels tells that an average CFB is rated for 15 watts of electrical consumption, versus 60 to 75 for the average incandescent bulb. So, there is a savings in electricity, whether you choose to quantify that savings as monetary or environmental.

Second, in addition to the decreased operational cost, fluorescent lights have a lifespan many times that of incandescent bulbs, which must be replaced more frequently. This translates to myriad efficiency gains; there is a financial incentive for their use, since over the long haul, they are less expensive to purchase and replace than incandescent bulbs. There is an even greater incentive for industrial and commercial consumers, since this reduced frequency in replacement translates directly into decreased maintenance and manpower costs. Take your average Wal-Mart or warehouse store -- if those thousands of bulbs were incandescent lighting, the store would have to maintain a small staff dedicated to the continuous replacement of its bulbs.

Third, in addition to this obvious time and energy savings, there are more subtle efficiencies that can be found; fluorescent bulbs generate far less heat in operation than comparable incandescent bulbs -- in fact, many run completely cool to the touch. Compare this with the average incandescent bulb; although advances such as 'cool white' bulbs have decreased the heat of the incandescent bulb, all will burn a user instantly, as they generate a significant amount of heat. Since the bulk of the average electric bill (residential or commercial) is spent on air conditioning, this unwanted additional heat source is to be avoided, since it results in incrementally higher cooling bills. Even if the added heat is desirable (for example, in winter), this would still be a very inefficient means of heating.

Fourth, any source of heat can be a cause of a fire. Reducing and eliminating unnecessary heat sources is good safety sense. Countless home fires have been caused by table lamps falling over, or random clothing items draped over lampshades. It's hard to question the inefficiency of everything one owns going up in smoke.

Despite the many advantages of fluorescent lighting, many environmentalists have concerns about the toxic content of fluorescent bulbs, which contain Mercury. These bulbs should not be placed in ordinary residential waste collection, but should rather be recycled through a local hazardous materials collection program, which all American communities should have.

On the point of Mercury toxicity, it can however be argued that the increased electrical demand of an incandescent bulb causes more Mercury to be released at the point of electrical production; trace amounts contained in coal burned to produce the electricity accumulate into more than is contained in the fluorescent bulb. Thus, simply because an incandescent bulb contains no Mercury, it isn't completely blameless. Its increased electrical consumption likely releases comparable quantities of Mercury as CFBs.

The cost of lighting should drop because the fluorescent tubes use lower energy to obtain similar lumin

The flashlight, headlights, the computer, and many other things.