Lungs

well, the effect is very basically, scaring of the lungs due to the amount of coughing. in the gas exchange, normally less oxygen is absorbed because of the carbon dioxide from smoking, which normally is the cause of chronic bronchitis. emphysema is just where a person gets loads and loads of infections which makes the person ill, cough alot, get scares on the lungs which weaken them meaning alveoli might not absorb as much oxygen into the blood stream or as much carbon dioxide out of the blood. THIS IS A VERY BASIC TASTE OF THIS, for more, just type this into google "define: (the name of the disease goes here)"

Their principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere. This exchange of gases is accomplished in the mosaic of specialized cells that form millions of tiny, exceptionally thin-walled air sacs called alvioli

The right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left main bronchus, and it enters the right lung at roughly the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra.
In contrast, the left main bronchus is smaller in size, but longer in length than the right main bronchus. The left main bronchus enters the root of the left lung opposite to the sixth thoracic vertebra, passes underneath the aortic arch.

The correct way the measure vital capacity is by using a spirometer.

It can also be estimated this way:

Vital Capacity can be measured with a string, calculator, ruler and balloon, believe it or not. Blow up the balloon and let it out a few times to stretch the rubber. Then take a very deep breath and blow out all the air that you can into the balloon. Tie it off. Pass the piece of string around the widest part of it to measure it. Using the ruler, measure the string. (My VC is very good, it's 4.2, and so my string was about 60cm long.) Divide the meaurement of the string by pi (if you don't have suitable calculator, you can divide by 3.14 on a standard calculator) and compare the number to this chart: Balloon diameter (centimetres:)

is your final number that you got by dividing by pi. Balloon diameter: Approximate vital capacity in litres:

8 0.3

9 0.4

10 0.5

11 0.7

12 0.9

13 1.2

14 1.4

15 1.8

16 2.1

17 2.6

18 3.0

19 3.6

20 4.2

21 4.8 Chart provided by Mark Ash, Graeme Lofts, Merrin J. Evergreen, on page 163 of the Jacaranda Science textbook Book 2.

Theoretical vital capacity:

Look for Vital capacity in Wikipedia for the formula. There are also online calculators.

The lungs become coated by deposits of tar, which makes them turn black.

The alveoli (air sacs) get pushed out of shape by the tar. The alveoli are where gas exchange took place, so this is made less efficient because hey are a different shape.

You are more at risk of lung infections, becasue the nicotine in cagarette smoke aneasthetises the cilia (little hairs) that line your throat and windpipe, so they cannot trap dirt and germs. This means that the germs can go down into your lungs when you breathe in, and this will make you ill.

You are more likely to develop lung cancer because tar is a carcinogen (cancer causing substance)

Gases as a law exist independently of each other

Gases move rapidly and randomly

So in the alveoli (lungs air bags) we have "fresh" air entering this has Approx 80% Nitrogen 19%oxygen and a little carbon-di-oxide and other gases.

In our blood we have high carbon-di-oxide levels in the air we have low carbon-di-oxide levels and vice versa for oxygen

If you have smelled perfume and noticed that you can smell it from far away that's a result of diffusion.

Effectively the respiratory gases diffuse to equalize in concentration in both the blood and in alveoli. Basically in blood (deoxygenated) CO2 concentration is 50 mmHg in the air sacs it is 45 mmHg so they try t equalize.

This results in carbon-di-oxide leaving the blood and entering the alveoli.

The same thing happens to the oxygen. It's higher in air than in blood so the oxygen moves from high concentration (in air) to low concentration (in blood)

The end result is carbbon-di-oxide leaving blood and oxygen entering blood this is a basic!!! overview of the gas exchange.

Easiest answer: Capillary

Yes.... yes they do.... haha no not sure (how will they breath otherwise??) Yes.... yes they do.... haha no not sure (how will they breath otherwise??)

The only animal that has true lungs and gills is the lungfish. Animals like frogs often have gills for a portion of their lives and then later develop lungs.

severe lung disease which limits activities of daily living. There should be potential for rehabilitated breathing function. Attempts at other medical treatments should be exhausted before transplantion is considered.

The two tubes leading into the lungs are the bronchi. They are branches off the trachea, and bring air into and out of the lungs.

800 hours

Pleura covers the lungs. It has 2 folds- the visceral (inner) pleura and the parietal (outer) pleura.

This is a pneumothorax or collapsed lung. It is generally brought on by a puncture in the chest that allows air into the chest cavity outside the lung. As the diaphragm expands, air is drawn in through the hole in the chest wall, and the lung will not fully expand. After a short period and continued respiration, the lung will not be able to inflate. Gas exchange will then be seriously reduced or not occur at all, and the victim willl rapidly begin to suffocate. Use the link below for more information.

The diaphragm moves down when you breathe in, so your lungs will expand to take in as much oxygen as possible.

Pharynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli

To keep you alive by breathing for you. It is in the lungs that venous blood containing Carbon Dioxide comes to so you can breathe it out (exhale) and then picks up Oxygen (inhale) to distribute it throughout the body via the arteries.

Semilunar valves are found throughout the body in veins, as they prevent backflow of deoxygenated blood. In the heart, there are two semilunar valves, the pulmonary semilunar valve and the aortic semilunar valve. The pulmonary semilunar valve is the gateway to the pulmonary artery, which then goes to the lungs. The aortic semilunar valve is the gateway to the aorta, which distributes oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

Horizontal fissure of the right lung and Oblique fissure of right lung.

The left lung only has 2 lobes (superior and inferior) because the heart takes up much of the space allowed on the left side. The right lung; however, has 3 lobes (Superior, Middle, and Inferior).

Yes. The left lung is a little less voluminous than the right lung. It has two lobes, whereas the right lung has three. Its volume is displaced a bit more, by the location of the heart, than the right lung.

The main five parts of the lung are included in the next sentence. The parts are the bronchial tree, larynyx, aveoli, trachea, diaphragm. The lungs are the organs responsible for breathing, the alternate inhalation and exhalation of air.

Lung scarring is a serious medical condition that require immediate attention and treatment. It can be treated by medication and evaluation by medical doctors.

It is called pneumothorax. "Pneumo" is the medical root word for "air" or "lung(s)". "Thorax is the medical root word for "chest" or "chest cavity". Never be intimidated by "medicalese" or "medical technobabble". All those intimidating sounding words are made of simple building blocks, namely medical root words. You can always look them up on Wikipedia or at The National Institute of Health's website: nih.gov/ (-:

Yes of course

visceral pleura