Management and Supervision

When choosing a generic strategy for a business to follow, a company must look far into the future to see what the future of the market might be. A successful competitive advantage requires that a company make consistent product, market, and distinctive competency choices. After a company has chosen a strategy it can be very expensive to change their strategies. Generic competitive advantage strategies provide competitive advantages, but they are expensive to develop and maintain. For example, a simultaneous differentiation/cost-leadership strategy is the most expensive, because it requires that a company invest resources not only in functions such as R&D, sales, and marketing to develop distinctive competencies but also in functions such as manufacturing and materials management to find ways to reduce costs. In deciding on an investment strategy a company must evaluate the potential return from investing in a particular generic strategy. In this way it can determine whether pursuing a certain strategy is likely to be profitable and how profitability will change as competition within the industry changes. The industry life cycle also affects how strategies are chosen. Each stage of the life cycle has different implications for the investment of resources needed to gain a competitive advantage (Hill and Jones, 174).

Tapasya Sharma

Student of IMT

The objectives of a system are to efficiently achieve specific goals or tasks, improve productivity, streamline processes, enhance communication and collaboration, reduce errors and redundancy, and provide reliable and timely information for decision-making. Systems are designed to optimize resources, minimize costs, and enhance overall performance and effectiveness.

Proposed solutions are potential strategies or actions intended to address a specific issue or problem. These solutions are put forward as recommendations for consideration and implementation to improve a situation or achieve a desired outcome. They are based on analysis, expertise, and creative problem-solving to resolve challenges effectively.

Organisational changes are initiatives of a mixture of reactive and proactive changes. However, in the current globally competitive environment, few organisations can afford the luxury of reactive change. In fast-phased markets, resorting to reactive change will seriously compromise an organisation's competitive position. Firms that engage in reactive change tend to follow-rather than lead-their competition. Therefore, and despite its difficulties, managing proactive change is vital for an organisation's survival as well as growth.

AJ

The transparency provides feedback through visual cues and real-time updates on progress or actions taken. It allows users to see changes and results, promoting a sense of transparency and accountability in decision-making processes.

Positive feedback speeds up reactions while negative feedback slows them down.

Positive feedback goes with the force that put the body out of homeostasis in order to get it over faster. For example, during childbirth, the body goes with it in order to get it over faster so that the body can return to homeostasis. On the other hand, negative feedback opposes the action. For example if your body temperature drops, your receptors in your body send a message to your brain to tell it your cold. Your brain then sends a message to your muscles to shiver to help warm you up.

Positive feedback speeds up reactions and negative feedback slows them down.

In electronics and control systems, positive feedback means the feedback gets added to the input and then goes as output. And negative feedback means that the output is input minus feedback (from output). This is the most basic and layman answer I can think of.

In social and business terms, a positive feedback means a good response ( a praise for a product, or interest generation among the clients) and a negative feedback means a bad response (unhappy clients, criticism and the like ).

1. How do we stop a global recession?

2. How can we eradicate world hunger?

3. Is there life after death?

4. How can one find perfect happiness?

Hope you see the pattern.

Yes, but it depends on the type of clay, the type of glaze, and how high the temperature under which it has been fired. Usually, the higher the temperature, the more vitreous the final product will become, due to the chemical change it undergoes at higher temperatures.

Factors that hinder exportation in Kenya include inadequate infrastructure, high transportation costs, bureaucratic red tape, lack of access to finance, limited market information, and non-tariff barriers such as stringent quality standards and technical regulations in target markets. Additionally, fluctuations in exchange rates and global economic conditions can also impact Kenya's export competitiveness.

Factors affecting the moral climate in business include ethical leadership, organizational culture, employee values, and external pressures such as competition and regulatory environment. Ethical leadership sets the tone for ethical behavior throughout the organization, while organizational culture can either encourage or discourage moral behavior. Employee values influence their moral decisions, and external pressures can also impact the overall moral climate of a business.

Communication skills refer to the ability to convey information effectively through verbal, non-verbal, and written means. This includes listening, speaking, observing, and empathizing to ensure clear and mutual understanding between individuals or groups. Good communication skills are essential for building relationships, resolving conflicts, and achieving personal and professional success.

Etzioni was a Neo-Classical economic theorist who stated that an organisation consists of employees who are rational and make decisions on the basis of social and moral factors that influence them and in turn help them to reach their fullest potential and achieve self actualisation. His theory is based on the Supportive model of Organisational Behaviour that adopts a humanistic approach to management.

== == From my understanding, excess stock can have several issues. First of all it wastes valuable space which can be used more efficiently running other things. Secondly, excess stock can mean that the company may suffer from wastage, as the stock can depreciate, or if the stock is a food product, it can expire. It would be best to ensure that stock is kept to a sustainable level for any organisation. If there are excess, it can be sold for extra cash. Holding excess stock is a waste, and if sold can contribute to cash if needed. What is important is to have a correct level of stock in a company. Maybe one should practice some Just In Time Systems.

Hello,

I have a blog with information on reorder dates. I have a few posts that discuss EOQ. EOQ actually works hand in hand with JIT.

This is my post from Feb 28th, 2008(http://excelevolution.wordpress.com/2008/02/28/eoq-economic-order-quantity/) I hope this information will be somewhat useful to you. The EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) is the most cost effective amount to order each time stock needs to be replenished. EOQ is, for all intents and purposes, an accounting formula that determines the point at which the combination of order costs and inventory carrying costs are the least. In purchase-to-stock scenarios, this is known as the order quantity and in make-to-stock manufacturing situations, known as the production lot size. While the EOQ may not be relevant in every inventory situation, most companies will find it beneficial in at least some aspect of their operation. The optimal EOQ result in this table does not affect the EOQ section in the main part of the algorithm and may benefit from some adjustment. The rationale for this is that the optimal EOQ is just the mathematical figure. Please read the EOQ notes at the base of the algorithm to get an idea of how the optimal EOQ can be further refined by taking into account other factors. Once established, this 'corrected' figure can be put into the 'Number of pallets (units) per container (EOQ)' section. The EOQ notes are as follows: *The optimal EOQ will be further refined by taking into account the following factors: If the number of units is too large, these issues may arise: Additional storage space requirements, financial outlay may be too high, risk of spoilage, risk of obsolescence, lost opportunities with invested capital, higher insurance costs & more inventory available to be stolen & damaged. If the number of units is too small, these issues may arise: Inability to benefit greatly from current pricing, quantity discounts may not be offered, more risk of damage whilst in transit if not full multiples, shipping & receiving costs per unit may be higher. Cheers, Peter Phillips

On the Formulas tab you have the Function Library group, which consists of the various categories of functions that Excel provides. You can click on one of these to open a category and find a function that you want to use.

The control component in an Ames Test typically includes a negative control (no chemical exposure) to ensure background levels of spontaneous mutations, and a positive control (known mutagen) to validate the sensitivity of the assay. These controls help researchers interpret the results of the test by providing a baseline for comparison.

== == * Many good companies are always looking for ways to create good management that improve leadership and good communication skills with their employees. It is not an easy task being a Manager because he/she has to deal with many different personalities and debates within his employees and be fair yet stern. A good Manager learns to roll up his/her sleeves and get down to the level of his/her employees when time permits and always has his pulse on the working abilities of his employees. A Manager should be approachable to resolve problems and in most cases any employee with a problem should be heard and treated with dignity. Hard work and laughter between Manager and employee go a long way. * There is an old saying in management training that goes like this: If the employees aren't following....the manager isn't leading. The key has to do with the way the manager routinely communicates and interacts with those reporting to him/her. For example: Does he/she maintain or enhance their self esteem...or just browbeat and intimidate? Does he/she really listen...or is he/she just waiting to talk. Does he/she regard the employee's feelings or openly criticize them in front of other employees? Does the manager ask for help or input in making decisions?...or just assume he/she has all the answers. Dictatorial management is short-term effective at best and invariably ruinous in the long term. One of two things happens...the manager fails or the employees subsequently help him/her to fail!

Training focuses on teaching employees specific skills and knowledge required for their current job roles, typically short-term and task-oriented. Development, on the other hand, is a long-term process aimed at overall employee growth, including future leadership skills, personal growth, and career progression. Various methods of employee training include on-the-job training (OJT), where employees learn by performing tasks under supervision, and classroom training for theoretical knowledge. E-learning offers flexible, online modules, while workshops and seminars provide intensive, interactive sessions. Simulation training allows practice in a controlled environment, and mentorship or coaching provides personalized skill development. Job rotation helps employees gain diverse skills, and apprenticeships combine practical training with classroom instruction.

Three formal factors that affect Egypt's regionalization with its neighbors are geographical location, shared water resources like the Nile River, and historical trade routes. The common factor connecting these formal factors is the impact they have on economic and political relationships between Egypt and its neighboring countries.

Behavioral leadership theories focus on the behaviors and actions of leaders rather than their traits. The theories suggest that effective leadership can be learned and developed through specific behaviors such as task-oriented or relationship-oriented actions. These theories emphasize that leadership effectiveness is based on how a leader behaves and interacts with their team members.

The development of behavioral thought has contributed to management theory by emphasizing the importance of understanding human behavior, motivation, and dynamics in the workplace. It focuses on how individuals and groups interact within organizations, leading to the adoption of more people-centric approaches to management. This has helped managers to create more effective leadership strategies, improve employee motivation, and enhance overall organizational performance.

Limitations of behavioral management theory include oversimplification of human behavior, inability to account for individual differences, and focus on external rewards and punishments which may not always lead to long-term motivation or genuine change.

Social learning and social networks can positively impact employee expectations about learning, training, and development by encouraging collaboration, knowledge sharing, and peer support. Employees may expect more personalized and interactive learning experiences, with a focus on continuous improvement and skill development through informal connections and feedback. This can lead to increased engagement, motivation, and a culture of continuous learning within the organization.