Middle East

Alexander's Empire significantly influenced the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East by spreading Hellenistic culture, which blended Greek, Middle Eastern, and Asian elements. This cultural diffusion led to advancements in art, science, and philosophy, fostering a cosmopolitan environment in cities like Alexandria. Additionally, the political fragmentation of his empire after his death paved the way for the rise of successor states, such as the Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires, which shaped the region's geopolitical landscape and influenced later powers, including the Romans. The legacy of Greek language and governance also persisted, impacting subsequent civilizations in the region.

Morocco was invaded by Arab forces in the mid-7th century, around 682 AD, during the expansion of Islam. The conquest was led by the Umayyad general Oqba ibn Nafi, who sought to spread Islam across North Africa. This marked the beginning of significant Arab influence in Morocco, leading to the eventual establishment of Islamic dynasties in the region. By the 8th century, the process of Arabization and Islamization of the indigenous Berber population was well underway.

The Middle East significantly influenced the scientific revolution through the preservation and enhancement of ancient Greek and Roman knowledge during the Islamic Golden Age. Scholars in the region translated and expanded upon these works, contributing advancements in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy. Innovations such as the development of algebra and the introduction of the scientific method laid the groundwork for European thinkers during the Renaissance. Additionally, cross-cultural exchanges facilitated by trade routes allowed for the dissemination of ideas, fostering a rich intellectual environment that ultimately spurred the scientific revolution in Europe.

Newquay is located in Cornwall, England, on the north coast. It is situated towards the western side of Cornwall, making it part of West Cornwall. The town is known for its beaches and surf culture, attracting tourists year-round.

The Middle East attracts the world's superpowers primarily due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas, which are crucial for global energy needs. Additionally, the region's strategic geographical location serves as a critical crossroads for trade and military logistics. Political stability and influence in the Middle East can also significantly impact global markets and security dynamics, making it a focal point for international diplomacy and intervention. Lastly, ongoing conflicts and the presence of various extremist groups further draw the attention of superpowers seeking to protect their interests and maintain regional stability.

Susan's father stays in touch with his relatives in the Middle East primarily through phone calls and video chats, which allow for real-time communication despite the distance. He also uses social media platforms to share updates and maintain connections. Occasionally, he sends care packages or letters to keep the personal touch alive. This combination of modern technology and traditional methods helps him stay connected with his family.

The Middle East's abundant natural resources, particularly oil and gas, have significantly influenced its recent history by shaping its economies, geopolitics, and social dynamics. The wealth generated from these resources has led to rapid modernization and infrastructure development in some countries, while also fueling conflicts over control and access. External powers have often intervened in the region, driven by interests in securing energy sources, leading to political instability and wars. Additionally, the reliance on oil has created challenges for economic diversification and sustainability in many Middle Eastern nations.

The Arab Alliance exhibited a higher degree of centralization in decision-making, with unified command structures that aimed for coordinated military efforts among various member states. In contrast, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) operated with a greater emphasis on formalization, characterized by clear protocols, established procedures, and a highly professionalized military hierarchy. These differences meant that while the Arab Alliance struggled with coordination and unity due to decentralized elements, the IDF's formalization allowed for more effective and adaptive response strategies, ultimately contributing to their success in the conflict.

The countries located along the equator include Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Indonesia, and the Maldives. These nations experience a tropical climate characterized by minimal temperature variation and significant rainfall throughout the year. The equator serves as an important geographical reference point, influencing ecosystems and weather patterns in these regions.

Cultural factors in middle childhood significantly influence children's development and socialization. These include family values, community norms, and educational practices, which shape children's beliefs, behaviors, and interactions. For instance, cultural attitudes towards education can affect motivation and academic achievement, while social norms can influence peer relationships and self-identity. Additionally, exposure to diverse cultural experiences can promote empathy and understanding in children as they navigate their social environments.

The Middle East typically includes countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and the Gulf states like the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, and Oman. It also encompasses Turkey and Egypt, which, while sometimes considered part of North Africa and Asia, have significant cultural and historical ties to the region. Additionally, Palestine is often recognized as part of the Middle East.

Egypt is an important ally for Israel in the Middle East due to its strategic geographic location and historical peace treaty with Israel, established in 1979. This relationship helps facilitate security cooperation, intelligence sharing, and stability in the region, particularly concerning shared concerns about extremist groups and regional conflicts. Additionally, Egypt's role as a mediator in the Israeli-Palestinian peace process further enhances its significance as an ally. Together, both countries can work towards mutual interests in maintaining regional security and economic development.

The Arabs hoped to gain independence from Ottoman rule by joining the war against them, seeking to establish their own sovereign states. They were motivated by a desire for self-determination and the opportunity to create a unified Arab nation. Additionally, many Arabs were influenced by promises from the British, who assured support for Arab independence in exchange for their assistance in the conflict. Ultimately, their aspirations were rooted in a long-standing desire for political autonomy and cultural recognition.

The Middle East conflict primarily centers around the longstanding disputes between Israelis and Palestinians over land, national identity, and sovereignty. Rooted in historical grievances, territorial claims, and religious significance, the conflict has led to cycles of violence, military confrontations, and failed peace efforts. Key issues include the status of Jerusalem, the right of return for Palestinian refugees, and the borders of a potential Palestinian state. Overall, the conflict is complex and deeply intertwined with regional and global politics.

The colonization of the Middle East primarily occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, driven by European powers seeking to expand their empires. The decline of the Ottoman Empire created a power vacuum that was exploited by Britain and France, who established control over various territories through military conquest, treaties, and mandates. This period saw the imposition of Western political and economic systems, leading to significant social and cultural changes. The legacy of colonization continues to influence the region's political dynamics and conflicts today.

The Middle East, particularly the region often referred to as Mesopotamia, is home to some of the largest oil reserves in the world. Countries like Iraq and Iran have significant portions of these reserves, with Iraq being one of the top holders globally. While exact rankings can vary, it is estimated that a substantial percentage of the world's proven oil reserves are concentrated in the broader Middle Eastern region, making it a critical area for global oil supply.

An outdoor market commonly found in the Middle East is called a "souk" or "bazaar." These vibrant markets are known for their diverse offerings, including spices, textiles, jewelry, and especially ornamental carpets. Souks serve as cultural hubs where locals and tourists alike can experience the rich traditions and craftsmanship of the region. The lively atmosphere, filled with bargaining and social interactions, makes visiting a souk a unique experience.

The first sedentary societies appeared in the Near East primarily due to the advent of agriculture around 10,000 BCE, particularly the domestication of plants and animals in the Fertile Crescent. The region's favorable climate and fertile soil allowed for the cultivation of crops such as wheat and barley, leading to surplus production. This surplus enabled populations to settle in one place, fostering the development of permanent villages and complex social structures. Additionally, the need for cooperative labor in farming and resource management further solidified sedentary lifestyles.

The majority of the Middle East primarily speaks Arabic, which is the official language in many countries across the region. Other languages, such as Persian (Farsi) in Iran, Turkish in Turkey, and Kurdish in parts of Iraq and Syria, are also significant. English is widely understood and used in business and education, particularly in urban areas. Additionally, various minority languages and dialects are spoken throughout the region.

America's primary interest in the Middle East is to support stability and security in the region, particularly in relation to its strategic allies, such as Israel and Saudi Arabia. Additionally, the U.S. seeks to protect its economic interests, notably access to oil resources, and to counter the influence of adversaries like Iran. Promoting democracy and combating terrorism are also significant factors driving American involvement in the region.

The classification of "Sheikh" under Other Backward Classes (OBC) in India can vary by state and community context. In some regions, certain groups within the Sheikh community may be recognized as OBC, while in others, they may not be. It's essential to refer to the specific state government notifications or lists to determine their status accurately.

The Middle East is home to several significant freshwater bodies, including the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which flow through Iraq and provide crucial water resources for the region. Other notable freshwater sources include the Jordan River, which runs along the border between Israel and Jordan, and the Nile River in Egypt, although it primarily serves the northeastern region of Africa. Additionally, various lakes such as Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee) and smaller reservoirs contribute to the freshwater supply. Groundwater aquifers, such as the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, also play a vital role in the region's water resources.

During the Hellenistic period, which followed the conquests of Alexander the Great, the Middle East was primarily ruled by the Seleucid Empire, founded by one of Alexander's generals, Seleucus I Nicator. This empire controlled a vast territory, including parts of modern-day Turkey, Syria, and Iran. Additionally, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, established in Egypt by another of Alexander's generals, Ptolemy I Soter, also influenced the region. Other smaller kingdoms and city-states, such as the Parthian Empire, emerged as significant powers during this time.

In the Middle East, work division among family members traditionally reflects both gender roles and economic necessity. Men typically engage in external employment, providing for the family, while women often manage household responsibilities, including childcare, cooking, and other domestic tasks. However, in many cases, women also contribute to the family income through informal work or family businesses. This division can vary significantly based on cultural, social, and economic factors, with some families embracing more egalitarian roles as modern influences and economic demands evolve.

The river located at approximately 30 degrees north and 48 degrees east is the Karun River in Iran. It is the longest river in the country, flowing through the Khuzestan province and eventually draining into the Shatt al-Arab waterway. The Karun is significant for its role in irrigation and as a water source for the region.